Nutrition and hydration chapter 15 cna

List the six basic nutrients and identify which nutrient is the most essential for life

Water (most essential nutrient for life)

Carbohydrates - supply energy, extra energy, help with fat digestion, provide fiber

Protein - supply energy

Fats - Store Energy

Vitamins - Need for the body to function

Minerals - Maintain Body Function

According to MyPlate's suggestion, what should make up half of a person's plate?

Vegetables and fruits

List some examples of plant-based proteins

Beans, peas, soy products, vegetarian meat, nuts and seeds, tofu

According to MyPlate, what should most dairy group choices be?

Fat-free (0%) or Low-fat (1%)

List problems that may affect an elderly person's nutritional intake

Metabolism slow

A loss of vision

Weakened senses of smell and taste

Less saliva production

Dentures, tooth loss & poor dental health

Digestion

Certain medications

Why is it important for an NA to report any weight loss, no matter how small?

Weight loss can mean that the resident has a serious medical conditions. Weight loss can leads to skin breakdown

What are ways a resident may be fed if he has a digestive system that does not function properly or he cannot swallow?

Nasogastric tube ( person unable to swallow) - a tube inserted through the nose and goes into the stomach - only temporary

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube (PEG) - surgically created opening into the stomach that allows the insertions of tube called a gastrostomy

Parenteral nutrition (PN) - (digestive system does not function) - also known for total parenteral nutrition (TPN) - a solution of nutrients is administered directly in the blood stream. it bypasses the digestive system.

Lis factors that influence food preferences.

Cultural, ethnicity, income, education, religion, and by what a person ate as a child

What information do diet cards contain?

List the resident's name and information about special diets, allergies, likes and dislikes and other dietary instructions

What is the first item to be restricted in a low-sodium diet?

Salt is restricted first in low-sodium diet because it is high in sodium. Excess Sodium retains water

Why might a resident be placed on a low-fat/ low-cholesterol diet?

Because of high levels of cholesterol in their blood, gallbladder disease, diseases that interfere with fat digestion and liver disease

What is the difference between a clear liquid diet and a full liquid diet?

A clear liquid allows only liquids you can see through. - broth, gelatin, popsicle

Full liquid allows thicker liquid foods such as soup and ice-cream

How is the mechanical soft diet different from the soft diet?

Soft diet includes foods that are easy to chew and swallow (fruits/vegetables)

Mechanical soft does not limit spices, fat and fiber (foods are prepared with blender, food processor l or cutting utensils)

the mechanical soft diet modifies the texture of foods through methods like chopping, grinding, or pureeing, whereas the soft diet focuses on foods that are naturally soft and low in fiber

List five reasons that a person may choose to be a vegetarian.

For religious reasons

Dislike of meat

Compassion for animals

Belief in non-violence

Financial issues

How can thickened liquids help a person with swallowing problems?

improves the ability to control fluid in the mouth and throat

What is the proper position to place a resi- dent in for eating?

Upright at a 90 degree angle

How might being cheerful and positive dur- ing mealtimes affect the amount of food a resident consumes?

Socializing has a positive effect on eating, it can help prevent weight loss, dehydration and malnutrition also prevents loneliness and boredom

How can a nursing assistant verify that she has the correct resident for the meal tray that she is serving?

By checking the diet cart against the name listed outside the door

How should a nursing assistant test the tem- perature of food?

By putting your hand over the dish to sense the heat, do not touch and do not blow food

What should the nursing assistant do if a resident wants a different food than what is being served?

Inform the dietitian so that an alternative may be offered

When feeding a resident, how should the bed height be adjusted?

Raise the head of the bed,make sure the resident is in an upright sitting position (90 degree)

How do verbal cues assist a resident with eating?

May benefit from physical and verbal cues which promotes independence

When assisting a resident who is visually impaired, how should the nursing assistant explain the position of food and objects to the resident?

Use the face of an imaginary clock to explain the position of what is in front of them

To which side of the mouth should food be directed if a resident has a weaker side-the weaker (affected) or stronger (unaffected) side?

Place the food in the stronger side of the mouth

What is the medical term for difficulty swallowing?

dysphagia

Describe five guidelines to help prevent aspiration (choking)

* Position residents properly for eating and drinking

* Offer small pieces of food or small spoonfuls or puréed food

* feed residents slowly do not rush them

* place food in the unaffected or stronger, side of the mouth

* make sure the mouth is empty before offering another bite of food or sip or drink

How many ounces of fluid does a healthy person need each day?

64 ounces(oz) of fluid each day

What is fluid balance?

maintaining equal input and output or taking in and eliminating equal amounts of fluids

How many milliliters (mL) equal one ounce (oz)?

One ounce equals 30 milliliters

( to convert ounces to milliliters he number of ounces must be multiplied by 30)

What counts as output?

urine, feces, (including diarrhea) vomitus, perspiration, moisture in the air as a person exhales, wound drainage

What does the abbreviation NPO stand for

Nothing by mouth

(The resident is not allowed to eat or drink )

Describe six ways that a nursing assistant can help prevent dehydration.

* Report observations and warning signs to the nurse immediately

* Encourage residents to drink every time you see them

* offer fresh water or other fluids often

* Ice-chips, frozen flavored ice sticks

* if appropriate offer sips of liquid between bites of food during meals and snacks

* make sure pitcher and cup are nearby and are light enough for the resident to lift

List four signs of fluid overload that a nursing assistant should report.

* Swelling/ edema of extremities (ankle,feet, fingers,hands) Edema is swelling caused by excess of fluids

* weight gain

* decreased urine output

* skin that appears tight, smooth and shiny

Patente tal nutrition

(digestive system does not function) - also known for total parenteral nutrition (TPN) - a solution of nutrients is administered directly in the blood stream. it bypasses the digestive system.

Dsyphagia

Means Difficulty Swallowing

• Signs of Dsyphia

  • Coughing During or after meals

  • Choking during meals

  • Dribbling salvia, food or fluid form the mouth,

  • Having food residue inside mouth

  • Gurgling during or after meals or losing one’s voice

  • Eating Slowly

  • Avoiding Eating

  • Spitting out piece

  • Clearing the throat after meals

  • Difficulty chewing food

How much water is recommended ?

64 oz

Low-sodium Diet

Fluid-restricted Diet

High - potassium diet

For residents that are on diuretics: medication that reduce volume in the body

Low - protein diet

reducing your overall protein intake, often recommended for individuals with kidney or liver conditions, or for managing certain metabolic disorders.

Low- fat diet

A low-fat diet restricts the amount of fat in your food intake, typically aiming for less than 30% of daily calories from fat. It's often recommended to reduce saturated fat intake as well, usually to less than 10% of daily calories. This dietary approach is commonly used to manage weight and reduce the risk of heart disease and other health issues. 

Foods to include in a low-fat diet: 

• Lean proteins: Skinless chicken and turkey, fish (especially fatty fish like salmon in moderation), lean beef and pork, beans, lentils, and tofu. 

• Low-fat dairy: Skim milk, low-fat yogurt (like Greek yogurt), low-fat cheese, and cottage cheese. 

• Fruits and vegetables: Fresh, frozen, or canned fruits and vegetables, with a focus on those low in added sugars or sodium. 

• Whole grains: Brown rice, quinoa, oats, whole-wheat bread, and pasta. 

• Healthy fats in moderation: Unsaturated oils like olive oil, canola oil, and sunflower oil. 

Modified Calorie diet

A modified calorie diet involves altering your normal eating pattern to include or exclude certain foods or nutrients, often for therapeutic reasons, such as to manage a health condition or aid in weight loss. These modifications can involve changes to the number of calories consumed, the types of macronutrients (protein, carbohydrates, fats), or the timing of meals

Bland Diet

A bland diet is a dietary plan focused on easily digestible foods, often recommended for individuals with digestive issues or recovering from illness. It typically includes foods that are low in fiber and fat, and gentle on the gastrointestinal tract. The goal is to minimize irritation and promote healing. 

Foods to eat on a bland diet:

• Lean proteins: Skinless chicken, fish, and tofu are good choices.

• Low-fat dairy: Milk, yogurt, and cheese (low-fat versions) are typically allowed.

• Bland vegetables: Cooked or canned vegetables like carrots, potatoes, and green beans are often included.

• Grains: Refined grains such as white rice, pasta, and bread are generally well-tolerated.

• Fruits: Bananas, applesauce, and canned fruits are good options.

• Other: Eggs, broth, and crackers (like saltines) are also common. 
  

Diabetic Diet

is a healthy eating plan that emphasizes nutritious foods in moderate amounts and regular mealtimes. It's not a restrictive diet, but rather a way of eating that helps manage blood glucose levels and overall health. Key elements include prioritizing fruits, vegetables, and whole grains while limiting added sugars, refined grains, and saturated fats. 

Low-residue (low-fiber diet)

restricts foods high in fiber and those that contribute to stool bulk, aiming to reduce bowel movements and stool volume. It's often recommended for managing conditions like Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, diverticulitis, or after certain surgeries. This diet limits fiber intake to less than 10-15 grams per day and may also restrict dairy products

lacto-vegetarian

a type of vegetarian diet that excludes meat, poultry, fish, and eggs, but includes dairy products like milk, cheese, and yogurt

High residue ( high - fiber) diet

emphasizes foods rich in fiber, which helps promote healthy digestion and regular bowel movements. This type of diet can be beneficial for preventing constipation, lowering cholesterol, and managing blood sugar levels. 

What is a high-residue (high-fiber) diet?

A high-residue diet focuses on increasing the intake of fiber, both soluble and insoluble, from various food sources. Fiber adds bulk to the stool, making it easier to pass and reducing the risk of constipation. 

Gluten - free diet

eliminating gluten, a protein found in wheat, rye, and barley, from your food intake. This diet is essential for managing celiac disease, an autoimmune disorder where gluten damages the small intestine.

Vegetarian diet

Eat different kinds of foods, including vegetables, fruits, beans, nuts, seeds, whole grains, and low-fat or fat-free dairy and eggs if your diet includes these.

Vegan Diet

a type of vegetarian diet that excludes all animal products, including meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy, and honey

Limited animal-based diet

diets that restrict or reduce the consumption of meat and other animal products, such as the flexitarian diet or a plant-based diet. These diets often prioritize plant-based foods like fruits, vegetables, legumes, and whole grains while potentially including animal products in limited quantities

Liquid diet

a dietary plan consisting primarily or exclusively of liquids, or foods that become liquid at room temperature. It's often used for medical reasons, such as before or after surgery, or to manage digestive issues, but can also be used for weight loss. 

Soft Diet and Mechanical Soft Diet

A soft diet and a mechanical soft diet are both texture-modified diets, but they differ in their focus and how they achieve easier eating. A soft diet emphasizes foods that are inherently soft and easy to digest, often low in fiber and lacking in spices, making it suitable for those with gastrointestinal issues or recovering from surgery. A mechanical soft diet, on the other hand, focuses on modifying the texture of foods to make them easier to chew and swallow, using tools like blenders or food processors, and may include foods not typically considered soft according to Chefs for Seniors. 

Here's a more detailed breakdown:

Soft Diet:

• Focus: Primarily on easy digestion and minimizing gastrointestinal stress. 

• Characteristics: Low in fiber, often bland, and may include simple carbohydrates. 

• Examples: Mashed potatoes, yogurt, pudding, applesauce. 

• When used: Often prescribed for short periods after surgery, during gastrointestinal flare-ups, or for those with difficulty digesting. 

Mechanical Soft Diet:

• Focus:

  Making foods easier to chew and swallow, regardless of their original texture. 

• Characteristics:

  Foods are prepared by grinding, pureeing, chopping, or softening to improve their texture. Spices and seasonings are allowed, and it can include a wider range of foods than a soft diet. 

• Examples:

  Pureed meats, moist ground meats, soft cooked vegetables, and foods softened with gravy or sauces. 

Pureed Diet

• Make sure to not mix the foods

a texture-modified diet where food is blended or mashed into a smooth, pudding-like consistency, eliminating the need for chewing