Molecules & Fundamentals of Biology Flashcards - DAT Bootcamp

What is matter?

Anything that has mass and takes up space

What is an element?

A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances

How many atoms does an element contain

1 atom

What is an atom?

smallest unit of matter

An atom retains what properties of an element?

chemical

What is a molecule

2 or more atoms bonded together

intramolecular forces

attractive forces within molecules

intermolecular forces

forces of attraction between molecules

Monomers are

single molecules that can polymerize

Polymers are

many monomers joined by chains

Carbohydrates contain what elements

CHO

What are the three kinds of carbohydrates

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

Monosaccharides have what formula

(CH2O)n

what is the "n" in monosaccharide formula

number of C

ribose is a _____________ and has _______ carbons

monosaccaride; 5

fructose is a _________ and has _______ carbons

monosaccaride; 6

glucose is a ___________ and has _________ carbons

monosaccaride; 6

Glucose and fructose are ________

isomers

what is an isomer

same molecular formula but different structure

Disaccharides are

two monosaccharides joined together

how are two monosaccarides joined to make a disaccharide

glycosidic bonds

Disaccharides are formed from _________ reaction

condensation

what is a condensation reaction

H2O leaves, covalent bond forms

What is a hydrolysis reaction

H2O added, covalent bond forms

sucrose is a __________ from _______

disaccharide; glucose and fructose

lactose is a __________ from _______

disaccharide; glucose and galatose

maltose is a __________ from _______

disaccharide; glucose and glucose

Polysaccharides are

many monosaccharides bonded together by glycosidic bonds to form long polymers

starch is a ___________

polysaccharide

starch is an energy source for

plants

Starch has what kind of linkage?

alpha

Two types of starch

amylose and amylopectin

amylose is a ______ chain

linear

Amylose has what type of linkage?

alpha 1,4

Amylopectin is a _____ chain

branched

amylopectin has what type of linkage

alpha 1-4 and 1-6

Branched polysaccharides usually have what type of linkage?

1-6

Glycogen is a _________

polysaccharide

Glycogen is an _______ source in _______

energy source in animals

glycogen has what type of linkage

alpha 1-4, 1-6

Which has more branching: glycogen or amylopectin

glycogen

Cellulose is a _______

polysaccharide

Cellulose is found in

plant cell walls

Cellulose has what type of linkage

beta 1,4

cellulose is _________ packed in ________

linear, rigid parallel

Chitin is a ______

polysaccharide

Chitin is found in

Fungi, insects and exoskeletons

Chitin has what type of linkage?

beta 1-4

Chitin has what element added to each monomer

nitrogen

Proteins contain what elements

CHON

Proteins atoms combine to form

amino acids

amino acids form _______

polypeptides (proteins)

What is a proteome

All the proteins expressed in a cell under one set of conditions

Amino acids are ______ of proteins

monomers

What are the four components of amino acids

amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen, R group

amino group on an amino acid is what

NH3

The R-group can what

vary

how many amino acids are there

20

each amino acid has a different

R group

Polypeptides are ______ of amino acids

polymers

how are polypeptides joined together

peptide bonds

Polypeptides are joined together through what reaction

condensation reactions

What reaction breaks peptide bonds

hydrolysis

Polypeptide contains two end terminals, what are they

C and N terminus

N-terminus

the side of a peptide chain/protein that ends in an amino group

C-terminus

carboxyl end of a polypeptide

What are conjugated proteins?

Proteins with amino acids and non-protein compounds

Metalloprotein is a type of

conjugated protein

Glycoprotein is a type of

conjugated protein

Metalloprotein example

hemoglobin

Metalloprotein are

proteins with metal ion cofactor

Glycoprotein example

Mucin and saliva

glycoprotein is a

protein with carbohydrate attached

4 structures of proteins

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

primary structure of protein

the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide chain

secondary structure of protein

intermolecular forces between polypeptide backbone (not R group) due to hydrogen bonding

secondary structure of protein forms what

alpha helices and beta pleated sheets

tertiary structure of protein

3D structure due to R-group interactions

tertiary structure of protein can create ________ interactions and ________ bonds, _______ bonding and _______ bonding

hydrophobic; disulfide; hydrogen; ionic

How are disulfide bonds formed?

covalent bonding between R groups of 2 cysteine amino acids

quaternary structure of a protein

A number of polypeptide chains linked together to form one protein

protein denaturation

the loss of protein function and higher order structures

which structure of protein is unaffected by denaturation

primary

protein denaturation can be because

temperature, pH and salt concentration

Mneumonic device for remembering protein function

HISSER

HISSER mneumonic device is what

Hormones, immunity, storage, structure, enzymes, receptors for protein function

protein storage

reserve of amino acids

hormones are

signaling molecules that regulate processes

protein receptors are in _______ _______ and support _______

cell membranes ; tissues

example of protein receptors

hair

protein immunity is what

antibodies that protect body

protein enzymes do what

regulate rate of chemical reaction

catalysts increase _____________ by _______________

reaction rates by lowering AE of reaction

what is a transition state

unstable conformation between the reactants and the products

catalysts ________ of transition state

reduce energy

Catalysts don't

spontaneity or shift chemical reaction

enzymes are biological ________ by binding to _______

catalysts ; substrates

substrates are what

reactants

enzymes make ______ into products

substrates

enzymes bind to _______ at the _______

substrates, active site