History of Education and Learning Theories Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering ancient educational systems in India, Egypt, and Rome, alongside key behaviorist and humanistic educational psychology concepts.

Gurukul System

An ancient Indian educational system where students lived with a Guru, which later transitioned to Western-style education during British rule.

Practical Learning (Traditional Indian Education)

A learning approach in traditional Indian education based on observation and practice rather than reading textbooks or memorization alone.

Guru

A traditional teacher in India responsible for teaching values, behavior, and personal development.

Recitation (Indian Education)

A teaching method involving oral repetition between students and teacher to improve memory and pronunciation.

Scribe Training

The main goal of education in Ancient Egypt, focusing on teaching individuals to read and write.

Formal Education Access (Ancient Egypt)

Educational privileges in Ancient Egypt restricted strictly to children from healthy and important families.

Paedagogus

A figure in Ancient Roman education who accompanied the child, supervised his behavior, assisted with studies, and corrected his language.

Ludus Litterarius

An elementary school in Ancient Rome where children were taught reading, writing, and arithmetic.

Advanced Roman Education

Higher education designed to prepare elite young men for public life, focusing on rhetoric, law, history, and literature.

Behaviorism

A psychological approach focusing on observable, measurable behaviors and how they are learned through environmental interaction.

Behaviorist Classroom Unit System

A teaching structure where learning material is divided into small units, and a student advances to the next unit only after demonstrating mastery of the current one.

Punishment (Behaviorism)

An operational method in behaviorist methodology applied primarily to extinguish a target behavior.

Ivan Pavlov

A physiologist and scientist born in Ryazan whose research on physiological salivation in dogs influenced theories of learning and behavior.

Classical Conditioning

A form of learning in which a person or animal learns to associate two stimuli together.

John Watson's Educational View

The perspective that practice, repetition, routines, and environmental conditioning actively shape a student's learning.

Little Albert Experiment

An experiment by John Watson demonstrating that behavior can be influenced by environment, experiences, and learned associations.

Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It

An article by John Watson stating that psychology should focus on observable behavior and utilize the scientific method.

Shaping

A technique in operant conditioning used to teach complex skills through small, sequential steps.

Teaching Machines

Simple devices developed by B.F. Skinner designed to present questions and deliver immediate feedback so students could progress to the next question.

Positive Reinforcement

The act of providing a reward to encourage student participation and good behavior.

Connectionism

Edward Thorndike's psychological framework that established learning laws based on relationships between stimuli, responses, and consequences.

Puzzle Box Experiment

Edward Thorndike's animal study demonstrating that learning occurs by gradually strengthening the connection between a situation and the successful escape response.

Law of Effect

A learning principle illustrated when a student receives praise for participating and subsequently participates again in future classes.

Human Needs Pyramid

A hierarchical model created by Abraham Maslow to explain human motivation and individual needs.

Humanistic Psychology

A psychological approach centered on people, their personal growth, and their development.

Esteem Needs

A level in Maslow's hierarchy pertaining to feelings of confidence, feeling valued, and receiving recognition for personal achievements.