EURO Unit 6 Part 2

Who was Georges Haussmann and what were his contributions to urban development?

Georges Haussmann was a French urban planner who redesigned Paris in the mid-19th century, creating wide boulevards, public parks, and improved infrastructure.

How did electric streetcars impact European cities in the late 19th century?

Electric streetcars made public transportation faster, cheaper, and more efficient, facilitating urban expansion and easier commuting for the working class.

What were the major changes and continuities in income distribution during the Industrial Revolution?

Income inequality increased, with wealthy industrialists profiting, while the middle class expanded and had more disposable income.

What is professionalization, and how did it affect different fields in the 19th century?

Professionalization is the process by which occupations became formalized with specialized education and credentials, impacting fields like medicine, law, and teaching.

How did women enter the white-collar workforce during the Industrial Revolution?

Women began working in office jobs as clerks, typists, and secretaries due to the rise of clerical work and the availability of lower-paying positions.

Who comprised the labor aristocracy in the 19th century European working class?

The labor aristocracy included skilled workers such as artisans and carpenters who had more stable jobs and better wages than the unskilled working class.

What characterized the semi-skilled working class during the Industrial Revolution?

The semi-skilled working class included workers with some specialized skills who primarily relied on manual labor, often working in factories.

What were the roles and challenges of working-class women during the Industrial Revolution?

Working-class women often took factory jobs or worked as domestic servants, facing long hours, poor conditions, and low wages.

How did prostitution in the Industrial Revolution reflect broader social issues?

Prostitution often resulted from economic hardship and highlighted gender inequalities and lack of opportunities for women.

What were the Contagious Diseases Acts, and how did they impact women’s rights and public health?

The Contagious Diseases Acts allowed police to arrest and examine suspected prostitutes, raising concerns about women's rights and bodily autonomy.

Who was Josephine Butler and what role did she play in challenging the Contagious Diseases Acts?

Josephine Butler was a social reformer who led the campaign against the Contagious Diseases Acts, advocating for women's rights.

What was the significance of mass leisure during the late 19th and early 20th centuries?

Mass leisure reflected the growing wealth of the middle class and included recreational activities like sports and theaters.

What are cruel sports, and how did they relate to mass leisure in 19th-century Europe?

Cruel sports involved violence and animal cruelty; they were popular but declined as more regulated forms of leisure emerged.

What factors contributed to the decline of religious attendance in Europe during the late 19th century?

Industrialization, urbanization, scientific advancements, and changing social attitudes led to secularization. Additionally, churches were associated with conservatism and beleived to be a tool for the middle class.

What is meant by the feminization of religion, and how did it manifest in Europe?

The feminization of religion involved increased women's involvement in religious activities and the rise of women-led organizations.

How did the lifestyle of the middle class change during the late 19th century?

Middle-class lifestyles improved due to industrialization, with better housing, education, and leisure activities.

What is companionate marriage, and how did it reflect new ideas about relationships in the 19th century?

Companionate marriage emphasized emotional bonds and mutual respect between spouses, moving away from solely economic considerations.

How were inequalities within marriage reflected in the social norms of the 19th century?

Women had fewer legal rights and were often confined to domestic roles, expected to be subservient to their husbands.

What was the significance of the play 'A Doll’s House' in relation to gender roles in marriage?

The play critiqued traditional gender roles, highlighting women’s lack of autonomy and the oppressive nature of domestic life.

What were the positive effects of the concept of separate spheres for men and women in the 19th century?

Separate spheres created a defined structure within family units, providing stability despite limiting women's freedom.

What is the Cult of Domesticity, and how did it shape gender roles in the 19th century?

The Cult of Domesticity idealized women as homemakers, emphasizing their moral superiority and restricting public participation.

How did new attitudes toward child-rearing emerge during the 19th century?

Child-rearing shifted towards more affectionate and child-centered methods, influenced by psychology and developmental theories.

What factors contributed to declining birth rates in 19th-century Europe?

Economic factors, changing social norms, and family planning contributed to families having fewer children.

How did thermodynamics impact scientific and industrial developments during the Industrial Revolution?

Thermodynamics facilitated innovations in steam engines and energy use, driving industrial progress. Built off of Newton’s laws of mechanics and investigated the relationship between mechanical and thermal energy

What role did electricity play in the Second Industrial Revolution?

Electricity powered machines and transportation, enabling new technologies and further industrial advancements.

What were the main developments of the Second Industrial Revolution?

Key developments included electricity usage, steel production growth, the rise of chemical industries, and innovations like the internal combustion engine.

What is the theory of evolution proposed by Charles Darwin, and how did it challenge traditional beliefs?

Darwin's theory suggested that species evolve through natural selection, challenging religious views of creation.

What is Social Darwinism, and how did it justify inequality in society?

Social Darwinism applied Darwin’s theories to society, arguing that inequality and competition are natural.

What contributions did Max Weber make to the understanding of society and the economy?

Weber linked Protestant values to the development of capitalism, emphasizing hard work and thrift.

What is Émile Durkheim’s theory?

Durkheim suggested that suicide rates rise due to a shared feeling of rootlessness b/c modern society and industry had destroyed belonging, tradition, and individual purpose.

What were Ferdinand Tönnies’ ideas?

Tönnies stated that industrialization created a selfish bureaucratic society that destroyed the former norm of community and communal support.

How did feminists in the 19th century challenge traditional gender roles?

Feminists advocated for women's education, voting, and employment rights, pushing for legal and social reforms.

What was the Federation of German Women’s Associations, and what was its role in women’s rights movements?

It was an organization advocating for women's rights in Germany, focusing on education, professional opportunities, and suffrage. It gave women in Germany legal and property rights.

Who were the suffragettes, and what strategies did they use to fight for women’s rights?

Suffragettes campaigned for women's voting rights through protests, civil disobedience, and hunger strikes.

What was Emmeline Pankhurst’s role in the women's suffrage movement in Britain?

Pankhurst was a leading suffragette and founder of the WSPU, advocating for direct action to secure women's suffrage.

How did nationalist racism manifest in European thought during the 19th century?

It involved beliefs of racial superiority used to justify imperialism and discrimination against minority groups.

Who was Count Arthur de Gobineau, and what were his views on race and civilization?

Gobineau argued that civilizations rise and fall based on racial purity, claiming the Aryan race's superiority.

What was the significance of the Emancipation of European Jews in the 19th century?

In the 1870s, it allowed Jews to gain civil rights and legal equality, leading to integration but also rising anti-Semitism.

What were pogroms, and how did they affect Jewish communities in Europe?

Pogroms were violent attacks on Jewish communities leading to deaths and persecution, fostering Zionism.

What were 'The Protocols of the Elders of Zion,' and how did they contribute to anti-Semitic ideas?

They were a fraudulent document used to promote anti-Semitic conspiracy theories against Jews.

What is Zionism, and how did it relate to the growing desire for a Jewish homeland in the 19th century?

Zionism sought to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine in response to anti-Semitism and for self-determination.

What was the Dreyfus Affair, and why did it cause a significant political scandal in France?

It was a scandal involving the wrongful conviction of Jewish officer Alfred Dreyfus for treason, highlighting anti-Semitism.

What was the role of the German Social Democratic Party (SPD) in shaping European politics?

The SPD advocated for workers' rights and social reform, greatly influencing socialist movements in Europe. It worked off of Marxist policies but was not violent.

How did labor unions grow during the late 19th century, and what were their goals?

Labor unions organized workers to demand better wages, working conditions, and the right to strike.

What was Marxist revisionism, and how did Eduard Bernstein challenge traditional Marxist thought?

Marxist revisionism suggested updating Marxism for the changing times; Bernstein advocated for democratic socialism instead of revolution.

How did the invention of the radio transform communication and culture in the 20th century?

Radio allowed for mass news transmission, shaping public opinion and creating shared cultural experiences.

What role did the telephone play in transforming European society during the late 19th century?

The telephone improved long-distance communication, facilitating business and personal interactions.

What was the impact of department stores on consumer culture in Europe?

Department stores offered a variety of goods in one place, fostering a consumer-oriented society.

What was mass consumerism, and how did it emerge during the late 19th and early 20th centuries?

Mass consumerism emerged from industrial production and advertising, making goods widely available to the general population.

What was the Temperance Movement, and what were its goals in 19th-century Europe?

The Temperance Movement aimed to reduce or eliminate alcohol consumption, seeking to improve public health and reduce crime.

What were Albert Einstein’s major scientific contributions, and how did they challenge traditional views of physics?

Einstein's theories of relativity revolutionized physics by interlinking space and time, challenging Newtonian concepts.

What were Marie Curie’s contributions to science, and how did they change the field of chemistry and physics?

Curie's research on radioactivity led to discoveries of new elements and advancements in medical treatments.

What ideas did Friedrich Hegel promote regarding history and the dialectical process?

Hegel proposed that history evolves through a dialectical process driven by contradictions in society.

What were Nietzsche's views on morality, and how did he challenge conventional philosophical thinking?

Nietzsche critiqued traditional morality, promoting ideas that valued individual will and creativity.

What are Sigmund Freud’s theories of psychoanalysis, and how did they change understandings of the human mind?

Freud emphasized the unconscious mind's role in behavior, introducing concepts like the id, ego, and superego.

What were Ivan Pavlov’s contributions to psychology, particularly his work on conditioned reflexes?

Pavlov discovered classical conditioning, showing how behaviors could be learned through association.

What were the core beliefs of anarchism, and how did figures like Michael Bakunin challenge authority in the 19th century?

Anarchism rejected all forms of authority, with Bakunin advocating for revolutionary actions against state structures.

How did anarchism manifest in European political movements during the 19th century?

Anarchism inspired radical political movements seeking to overthrow existing governments, leading to some revolutionary actions.