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Chemical Changes
Transformations that alter a substance's composition, resulting in new substances.
Clues for Chemical Changes
Indicators include color change, temperature change, gas production, formation of a precipitate, or light emission.
Physical Changes
Changes in physical properties of a substance without affecting its chemical composition.
Tests for Oxygen
Glowing splint test - a glowing splint reignites in oxygen.
Tests for Carbon Dioxide
Limewater test - bubbling CO2 through limewater turns it milky.
Tests for Hydrogen
Pop test - a lit match pops when placed in a test tube with hydrogen.
Alkali Metals
Group 1 elements on the periodic table.
Alkaline Earth Metals
Group 2 elements on the periodic table.
Transition Metals
Elements found in Groups 3-12 of the periodic table.
Halogens
Group 17 elements on the periodic table.
Noble Gases
Group 18 elements on the periodic table.
Diatomic Molecules
Molecules composed of two atoms, which may be of the same or different chemical elements.
List of Diatomic Molecules
H₂, N₂, O₂, F₂, Cl₂, Br₂, I₂.
Ion
An atom or molecule with a net electrical charge due to loss or gain of electrons.
Ionic Charges for Group 1
+1 charge.
Ionic Charges for Group 2
+2 charge.
Ionic Charges for Group 13
+3 charge.
Ionic Charges for Group 15
-3 charge.
Ionic Charges for Group 16
-2 charge.
Ionic Charges for Group 17
-1 charge.
Ionic Compounds
Formed from the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.
Molecular Compounds
Formed by covalent bonds between atoms.
Polyatomic Ions
Ions composed of two or more atoms that carry a charge.
Oxyacids
Acids containing oxygen, formed from the reaction of water with a nonmetal oxide.
Law of Conservation of Mass
Mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
Mass Calculation for Reactions
Mass of D = (mass of A + mass of B) - mass of C.
Chemical Equations
Uses chemical formulas to represent reactants and products.
Balanced Equations
Equal number of atoms of each element on both sides.
Types of Chemical Reactions
Includes synthesis, decomposition, single diplacement, double diplacement, and combustion.
Properties of Acids
Sour taste, pH is lower than 7, react with metals to produce hydrogen gas, turn blue litmus red.
Properties of Bases
Bitter taste, slippery feel, pH higher than 7, turn red litmus blue.
pH Scale
Ranges from 0 to 14; acids < 7, neutral at 7, bases > 7.
Neutralization Reaction
A reaction between an acid and a base producing water and a salt.
Synthesis reaction
A + B = AB
Decomposition reaction
AB = A + B
Single displacement reaction
A + BC = B + AC
Double displacement reaction
AB + CD = AD + CB
Complete combustion
Involves the burning of a substance with oxygen to produce oxides and energy
Incomplete combustion
When hydrocarbons are not burned completely
Complete combustion reaction
CxHy + O2 = CO2 + H2O + energy
Incomplete combustion reactions
CxHy + O2 = CO2 + H2O + CO + C + energy
