Animal Science 103 Exam 3

What is the name for an intact male dog?

stud dog

what is the name for an intact female dog?

bitch

what is the process of giving birth for dogs called?

Whelping

When can puppies safely be born?

65+/- 1 day from LH peak

63+/- 8 days from breeding

What should be used to determine when it is safe to perform a elective c-section for dogs and why?

-amount of time since LH peak

-more precise than breeding date

-more likely to have fully developed puppies

What type of breeders are dogs?

non seasonally mono-estrous

How long are each of the stages in the dog estrous cycle?

proestrus: ~9 days

Estrus: ~9 days

Diestrus: 60 days or 2 months

Anestrus: 3-5 months

How long is canine gestation?

around 60 days, same amount of time as diestrus

What can you look for in the blood to schedule a canine c -section at the end of gestation?

significant drop in progesterone

Describe how progesterone behaves differently in dogs than other species

progesterone is produced during estrus

*thought to be because the follicle cells luteinize before ovulation

Describe the difference between altricial and precocial animals

altricial: dependent on mom at brith

precocial: independent of mom at birth

Are puppies and kittens considered altricial or precocial?

altricial because they are helpless at birth (need mom)

What percent of puppy's antibodies are received via the placenta?

~10% from the placenta and the rest come from the colostrum

What percent of kitten's antibodies are received via the placenta?

~25% from the placenta and the rest come from the colostrum

What are the four things that should or could be done after a puppy is born?

1) +/- dip the umbilicus with iodine

2) check for defects/nursing

3) +/- collar and wiegh

4) keep them warm

At what body temperature does hypothermia occur at in puppies?

<94 degrees F

Describe the effects of hypothermia in puppies and how to fix it

causes decreased HR (40-50bpm), decreased nursing, ileus, bloat, aspiration, or death

Solution: warm up puppy slowly (2-4 degrees/hour) and do not feed until warm

What size kittens are at the highest risk of death? specific

<25% the average body weight of the litter

How much of puppies and kittens birth weight should they gain per day

5-15%

What is the general rule of thumb for weight gain in puppies and kittens?

they should double their birth weight in the first 10 days of life

When is the neonatal period in dogs?

0-10 days

Describe dogs during the neonatal period

- eyelids and external ear canals are closed

-depend on mom for food, thermoregulation, urination/defecation

- should have strong suckle, raise head, slide around, and vocalize

When is the infant period in dogs?

11 days - 3 weeks

Describe some of the developments made during the dog infant period

-eyelids open (better vision)

-external ear canals open

-1st dewormer

-start walking and defecating/urinating on own

when do eyelids for dogs open?

10-16 days

when do dogs external ear canals open?

12-14 days

When should the first deworming be done for dogs?

2 weeks or 14 days

when should dogs start walking, urinating, and defecating on their own?

14-21 days

when is the socialization period for dogs?

3-12 weeks

What are some of the developments that occur during the socialization period for dogs?

-baby teeth erupt

-testes descend/socialization should start

-adult postures or movements

-first vet visit with vaccinations

-socialize with people

when do the teeth of dogs erupt through the gums?

3-6 weeks

When do the testes descend in dogs ?

4-6 weeks

When should dogs go to this first vet visit and get their first vaccinations?

6-8 weeks

What should be done for dogs between 6-12 weeks of age?

socialize with people, learn bite inhibition, do basic obedience, house train

When is the fear period for dogs and describe its importance?

occurs during the socialization period between 8-12 weeks

importance: a dramatic event during this time can have long term effects including anxiety

When is the juvenile period for dogs

4 months to puberty

Describe dogs during the juvenile period and some of the things that should be done?

-rapid physical development

-increased independence

-continue training

-be conscious of fear periods

When is the adult stage for dogs

from puberty to social maturity

What are the core vaccines for dogs?

1) DA2PP or DHPP

2) Rabies

When should puppies be dewormed?

2,4,6,8 weeks and then monthly until 6 months

when should the DA2PP or DHPP vaccine be given for puppies?

every 3-4 weeks

1st: 6-8 weeks

2nd: 10-12 weeks

3rd: 14-16 weeks

4th: 20 weeks (just parvo not full combo)

When should you give the DA2PP or DHPP vaccine for adult dogs?

booster in 1 year from puppy shot and then every 3 years

When should you give the rabies vaccine for puppies and adults?

puppy: @3-4 months

Adult: booster in 1 year and then every 3 years (or 1 depending on type)

Describe the transmission, symptoms, and treatment for rabies in dogs

transmission: spread through saliva (bites)

Symptoms: range from anxiousness, behavioral changes, difficulty swallowing, sensitivity to light, and death

Tx: none

List the meaning of each letter in the DA2PP or DHPP vaccine

D- Canine distemper virus

A2- adenovirus 2

H- adenovirus 1

P-parainfluenza

P-canine parvo virus

Describe the etiology, transmission, symptoms, diagnostics, treatment, and prognosis for canine distemper virus

etiology: contagious paramyxovirus

transmission: through areosolized droplets (does not live well outside host)

symptoms: fever, vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, ocular nasal discharge, pneumonia, thicken top pads or nose skin, neuro (circling, head tilt, paralysis, seizures)

Dx: symptoms or PCR (virus isolation)

Tx: treat symptoms and supportive care

prognosis: older/Vx dogs = less severe, puppies/non Vx dogs severe, neuro Cs = severe

What is another name for canine adenovirus 1 and 2 and which one is more severe

infectious canine hepatitis

more severe 1

Describe the transmission, symptoms, morality, diagnostics, treatment for canine adenovirus 1

transmission: oronasal exposure to infected urine, feces, or saliva

symptoms: fever, lethargy, thirst, anorexia, conjunctivitis, clotting problems, hepatitis, kidney failure, incoordination, central blindness, seizures

mortality: 10-30% but higher in younger animals

DX: clinical signs and testing (ELISA, serology, PCR)

Tx: supportive care(hydration, blood transfusion, antibiotics)

What are the symptoms for canine adenovirus 2

usually mild respiratory infection, pneumonia, tracheobronchitis

Why is the vaccine for canine adenovirus 2 very important?

although the sickness associated with this is usually mild, the vaccine helps mount a immune response to the more severe version (canine adenovirus 1)

describe the transmission, symptoms, diagnostics, treatment, and mortality for canine parvovirus

transmission: spread through oronasal exposure to infected feces (live on fomite for months-years)

symptoms: infects and destroys rapidly dividing cells in intestine, lymphopietic tissue, bone marrow, and heart

Dx: clinical signs or antibodies in feces (ELISA, PCR, electron microscopy, or virus isolation)

Tx: isolate, supportive care, and prevent secondary infection

Mortality: most deaths occur in first 48-72 hours of CS but with treatment 90% survival rate

describe the transmission, symptoms, diagnostics and treatment for canine parainfluenza

transmission: contagious and spreads rapidly

symptoms: mild to severe tracheobronchitis (kennel cough), bronchopneumonia, or death

Dx: clinical signs

Tx: supportive care, isolate, cough suppressant, antibiotics if nessicary

Describe the cause, transmission, symptoms, diagnostics, treatment, and prevention for leptospirosis

cause: bacteria

transmission:

direct contact with infected urine, bite wounds

ingestion of infected tissues

indirect contact with fomite

symptoms: after infection bacteria spreads rapidly in blood and tissues causing lethargy, anorexia, vomiting, fever, abdominal pain, increased thirst/urination, reluctance to move, difficulty breathing

Dx: clinical signs or antibody titer

Tx: antibiotics and supportive care

prevent: vaccinate (@12 w, boost in 3-4 w, then annually)

define a kitten

immature female or male cat

define a queen

mature female cat

define a tom

mature male cat

what is the process of giving birth for cats called?

queening

What are the core vaccines for cats?

FVRCP and rabies

Describe when you should give the FVRCP vaccine for kittens and cats

series of four given every 3-4 weeks

Kitten: @6-9 weeks, 10-12 weeks, 14-16 weeks, 16-20 weeks

adult: booster every year

When should kittens and cats receive the rabies vaccine?

kittens: @3-6 months

Adults: booster in 1 year and then every 3 years (or 1 depending on type)

What are the diseases prevented by the FVRCP vaccine

1) FVR: Feline Herpes virus (viral rhinotracheitis)

2) C: feline calicivirus (FCV)

3) Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV)

Describe the transmission, incubation period, symptoms, diagnostics, treatment, and mortality for feline herpesvirus 1

transmission: viral contamination of mucous membranes or inhaled (can survive outside of host if it is moist)

incubation: 2-6 days before CS

symptoms: fever, anorexia, oculonasal discharge, sneezing, salivation, conjunctvitis, rhinitis, inflamed/cloudy cornea, abortion

Dx: usually Cs but can be via PCR, immunoflorecence, or virus isolation

Tx: supportive care, keep eyes and nose clean, humidify air, hydrate, meds (ophthalmic/antivirals)

Mortality: usually low (can be ~30% for young kittens

does the feline herpes virus 1 ever go away

no, this is a lifelong illness and the animals are carriers for lives (shed during outbreak)

describe the transmission, incubation period, symptoms, diagnostics, and treatments for feline calicivirus (FCV)

transmission: direct, indirect, or in utero (hardly in environment)

incubation period: 2-6 days before CS

symptoms: lethargy, fever, anorexia, oculonasal discharge, oral ulcers, sneezing, pneumonia, polyarthritis

Dx: CS, PCR, virus isolation, paired serology, titer

Tx: supportive care, keep eyes and nose clean, humidify air, hydrate, antibiotics if necessary

How long are cats carriers of feline calicivirus?

months to life

what are some of the main differences in presentations between FHV-1 and FCV?

FVH-1 tends to affect the conjunctive and nasal passages while FCV tends to affect the oral mucosa and lower respiratory tract

*FCV causes limping and oral ulcers (helps tell difference)

Describe the cause, transmission, incubation period, symptoms, diagnostics, treatment, mortality, and prevention for feline panleukopenia virus

cause: feline parvo virus (FPV)

transmission: contact with infected cats, feces, secretions, or fomites (can live outside host for up to a year)

incubation: 3-5 days

symptoms: destroys rapidly dividing cells in the small intestine, lymphoid tissue, bone marrow, cerebellum (neuro CS), retina (blindness) and can cause sudden death or abortion

Dx: CS, detected in feces, antibody titer

Tx: isolate, supportive care, antibiotics for secondary infections

Mortality: highest in young kittens <5 months

prevention: most adults develop immunity but Vx is still good

describe the etiology, transmission, symptoms, diagnostics, treatment, control, and vaccine for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)

etiology: retrovirus

transmission: bites or in utero

(does not survive in environment)

clinical signs: attacks while blood cells and cats can be asymptomatic for years, causes inflammation, anemia, diarrhea, pneumonia, skin disease, neuro disease, kidney disease, neoplasia

Dx: ELISA identifies antibodies

Tx: treat secondary infections

Control: sterilize infected, keep indoors

Vx: non core but should be given if high risk

how long can cats shed feline panleukopenia after they recover

6 weeks

describe the etiology, transmission, susceptibility, severity, symptoms, incidence, Dx, Tx for feline leukemia virus (FeLV)

etiology: retrovirus

transmission: in saliva, feces, milk, urine, blood spread through bites, grooming, fomites, nursing, in utero (lives few hours outside host)

susceptibility: young cats under 6 months at high risk

severity: 30% of adults show mild symptoms and others remain asymptomatic but puts them at higher risk of cancer

symptoms: anorexia, weight loss, enlarged lymph nodes, pale membranes, inflamation of gums, infections, seizures, behvior changes, neuro disorders, eye conditions, abortion, fever, poor coat, diarrhea

incidence: 2-3% of all cats in Us have it (> for ill, young, and high risk cats)

Dx: ELISA, PCR, IFA

Tx: nothing, treat secondary conditions

control: pos cat visit vet 2X/year

What conditions in cats do the vaccines interfere and not interfere with testing ?

FIV Vx interferes

FeLV does not interfere

What are the expected cash receipts for the beef industry in 2023?

$ 89 billion

what are the countries with the most amount of beef cattle?

India

Brazil

China

US

EU

Argentia

What percent of the worlds beef cattle does the US have?

~9 %

What are the countries that produce the most amount of beef and veal?

USA

Brazil

EU

China

India

Argentina

What percent of the world's beef and veal does the US produce?

~20 %

define beef

cattle over a year

define veal

cattle under three months

What are the main regions where beef cattle are located in the US?

southern and central region of the Great Plains

What are the top states for beef cattle?

TX, NB, KS, CA, OK, MO, IA, SD, WI

what percent of beef cows come from farms with less than 500 cows?

83%

Is the beef industry more or less vertically integrated than poultry or swine?

less

What percent of farms have less than 500 cows?

99%

what are the segments of beef production?

cow-calf

stockers

feedlots

packers

retailers

how long is cattle gestation

9 months

when are cattle weaned? age and weight

6-10 months at 400-750 lb

describe stocker yearling operations

grow the cow until it reaches 600-850 lbs by 12-16 months primarily on forage

Describe feedlot operations

grow cows until 900-1450 lb by 18-24 months primarily on concentrates

What is the goal for slaughter in cattle?

Slaughter by 18-24 months of age at 1200-1450 lb

What are the four main roles for cows on beef farms? (breeding)

1) conceive early in the breeding season (first 40 days)

2) deliver a live calf each year

3) wean a big calf

4) rebreed on schedule (40-90 days after calving)

what type of breeders are cattle

non seasonally polyestrus

Describe the cycle of the estrous cycle in cattle including total length and stages

total = 21 days

P: 2-3 days

E: 8-18 hours

M: 3-5 days

D: 10-14 days

What are the two ways of breeding beef cattle ?

natural service or AI

Describe the bull to cow ratios for young, mature, on range bulls (beef)

1 young bull: 20-25 cows

1 mature bull: 25-40 cows

range: 4 bulls : 100 cows

What is the ideal length of the breeding season for beef cattle?

~40 days

keeping it short groups the babies better for weaning and requires less labor

What are some of the advantages and disadvantages for AI in beef cattle?

adv: genetic improvement, maximize use of bull, safer, limit venereal disease

dis: costly, need trained person, need special handling facility/ equipment

In general when should you breed beef cattle and why?

Breed in late spring to early summer so they calve in late winter to early spring

This cuts cost by using pasture for max time

When should a beef heifer be bred for the first time?

around 15 months when the cow is 65% of adult weight and height

When should a heifer calve for the first time?

around 2 years old

When should heifers be bred during the seasons and why?

breed heifers earlier in the season so they calve before the cows since they require more labor and their babies don't grow as fast