chapter 9: The 19th century III

terms, names and artworks

Neo-Classicism

An 18th–19th century art movement inspired by the art and ideals of ancient Greece and Rome, emphasizing balance, simplicity, and idealized forms

Carving (sculpture)

A subtractive sculptural process in which material (such as stone or wood) is cut away to reveal a form

Modeling (sculpture)

An additive sculptural process where soft material (such as clay or wax) is shaped by hand or tools

Plaster casting

A technique in which liquid plaster is poured into a mould to create a solid replica of an object

Clay model

A preliminary sculptural form made in clay, often used to develop ideas before final execution

Bozzetto

A small, rough preparatory sculpture or sketch model used to plan a larger work

Plaster mould

A hollow form made of plaster used to shape or reproduce a sculpture

Plaster model

Finished or semi-finished sculpture made in plaster, often serving as an intermediate stage before carving or casting in another material

Practician

A skilled studio assistant who executes parts of a sculpture, especially carving, under the direction of the master artist

“Monument to Peter Paul Rubens” (Guillaume Geefs, late 19th century)

Constantin Meunier

Belgian sculptor from the 19th century, Realism style, attention for social issues, combines realism and modern figures with classcial principles, emphasis on human dignity

“The Hammerman” (Constantin Meunier, late 19th century)

“The Dock Worker” (Constantin Meunier, late 19th century)

Auguste Rodin

French sculptor from the middle 19th - early 20th century, linked to Impressionism and Naturalism, experimentation, artistic process becomes part of work, image of sculptor important for him

“The Burghers of Calais” (Auguste Rodin, late 19th century)

Camille Claudel

French female sculptor from the middle 19th - middle 20th century, startes as assistant in the studio of Rodin (her teacher and lover), able to study nude figures and anatomy

“The Waltz” (Camille Claudel, late 19th century)

“The gossips or Women chatting” (Camille Claudel, late 19th century)

“The Wave or The Bathers” (Camille Claudel, late 19th century)

“The Great Wave off Kanagawa” (Hokusai, early 19th century)

Matthias Kessels (1784-1836)

Belgian sculptor, Acquisition in 1836 by the Belgian state of the collection of his models, marked the beginning of sculpture departments

Socialism

Theorists believed that a system based on private ownership and profit created greed and inequality, leading to the exploitation of the working class

(Bronze) casting studio

Specialized business for casting in bronze

Public monuments

Key markers of professional success within the context of cultural nationalism