intro to organic structures

carbon is special because of

4 valence electrons, not realistic to be ionic

hydrocarbons

class of nonpolar compounds with only CH bonds

primary carbon

only forms bond with one other carbon

secondary, tertiary, quaternary carbons

bonds with 2, 3, 4 other carbons

saturated

a single bond, because it is full of bonds to as many other atoms as possible

unsaturated

greater than single bond because it’s not bonded to as much as possible

skeletal diagram

made up of lines, with each turn being a carbon, and have to write all heteroatoms and their attachments

triple bond appears _ in skeletal diagram

linear

saturated suffix

-ane

double bond suffix

-ene

triple bond suffix

-yne

alkane molecular formula

C_nH_2n+2

numbering of prefixes 1-10

meth, eth, prop, but, pent, hex, hept, oct, non, dec

cycloalkane and alkene molecular formula

C_nH_2n

alkyne molecular formula

C_nH_2n-2

units of unsaturation =

difference between # of hydrogens for saturated version and the molecule at hand / 2

_ units of unsaturation for each double bond OR ring

1

_ units of unsaturation for each triple bond

2

starting with subsituent in location 1 of a benzene ring, locations 2, 3, and 4 are denoted

ortho (o-), meta (m-), and para (p-)