quality and safety of fishery products

~17%

fish accounts for ______ of the global population’s intake of protein.

third

in 2020, seafood was the _______ largest segment within the meat, poultry and seafood market

$335.81 billion; 6.89%

the global seafood market is expected to grow to _________ in 2025 at a CAGR of ________

5.9%

in terms of value from 2017 through 2022, what percentage of the CAGR is estimated for the global aquaculture market to increase?

consumption of seafood

what annual per capita more than doubled from ~7 kg to nearly 16 kg?

8.7 kg

the 2019 US consumption of aquatic food animals was ______ per capita

carp

what type of fish was the highest in market value between 2016 to 2022?

3.1%

fisheries of the US account for _______ of world catch, being 5th in the world.

true

t/f

consumers spent an estimated $10.2 billion for fishery products

cholesterol

what is generally low in fat content for fish?

polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)

what is high in fat content for fish?

vitamins

what contents are species specific?

selenium and iodine

what are the two most important and predominately found in marine fish species?

-5˚C

what is the fish temperature for about 70% of the water to be frozen?

biochemical reactions

what are of paramount importance for the quality and shelf life of products?

(factors include: types of fish species, physiological condition of the fish, environmental influences, catching and harvesting methods, killing procedures and the performance of slaughtering)

sensory evaluation

a scientific discipline used to evoke, measure, analyze, and interpret reactions to those characteristics of foods and materials as they are perceived by the senses of sight, smell, taste, touch, and hearing

freshness

appearance

flavor

aroma

texture

viscosity

shelf-life stability

these are the quality characteristics related to…

K value

defined as the ratio of the sum of inosine and hypoxanthine concentrations to the total concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) metabolites

bacteriological changes

directly after the catch, the muscle tissue of healthy fish is free from bacteria, but not the gills, skins, and intestines

gills, body cavity

the bacteria penetrate into the fillet mainly through the _____ and _____ ______ during storage and processing, accompanied by changes in the composition of the bacterial flora

biogenic amines

bacteria is also responsible for the formation of these from precursor amino acids in spoiling fish by decarboxylation.

(histidine produces histamine)

lipid hydrolysis (lipolysis)

may occur in chilled or frozen fish, leading to unpleasant flavors and tastes caused by carbonyl compounds and short-chain carbonic acids

Primary hydrolytic reactions of triglycerides and phospholipids

seafood substitution

product substitution of domestic seafood products is rampant in all parts of the U.S.

in some cases there can be an unexpected shortage but in most cases we believe it is purely economic fraud

health risk

substitution with king mackerel can pose a _________ due to higher levels of mercury and increased chance of ciguatera poisoning

substitution

what can affect consumers that eat seafood for the health benefits?

1/3

what was the amount of seafood sold in asian restaurants and groceries that were fraudulently labeled?

misbranded food

a food shall be deemed to be misbranded if it is offered for sale under the name of another food

95%

what was the total percentage of mislabeling that occurs in sushi venues?

snapper

what is the most commonly mislabeled of the top fish types collected?

South Florida

who has the lowest level of mislabeling?

Salmon

mislabeling of this fish was up to 4x more prevalent in restaurants and sushi venues than in grocery stores or seafood markets

IUU fishing

Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated

not only threatens sustainability of the seafood industry but also the safety and quality of seafood available to consumers

illegal fishing

conducted by national or foreign vessels in waters under the jurisdiction of a state, without the permission of that state, or in contravention of its laws and regulations

in violation of national laws or international obligations

unreported fishing

have not been reported, or have been misreported, to the relevant national authority

unregulated fishing

fishing by vessels without nationality

harvesting in unregulated areas

true

t/f

IUU fishing is one of the biggest global threats to sustainable management of our world’s fisheries

histamine fish poisoning

hazard produced during food processing, storage, and preparation

causes scombroid fish poisoning

occurs when fish have not been chilled immediately after being caught

can be prevented by keeping internal temperature of the fish at 40˚F or lower until cooked and ready for consumption

scombroid fish poisoning

caused by the ingestion of foods that contain high levels of histamine and possibly other vasoactive amines and compounds

time-temperature abuse

fish becomes toxic when bacteria produce histamine due to…

food defect action levels

The maximum levels of natural or unavoidable defects in foods for human use that present no health hazard

500 ppm

based on toxicity, what is the ppm levels for tuna, mahi-mahi, and related fish?

>100g

what levels of histamine is classified as toxic and unsafe for consumption?

<5g

what levels of histamine is classified as normal and safe for consumption?

mercury

what is an example of a heavy metal contaminant found in industrial or agricultural setting?

polychlorinated biphenyls

what is an example of an organochlorine contaminant found in the industrial or agricultural setting?

mercury pollution pathway

mostly enters the atmosphere from:

mining and smelting of mineral ores

combustion of fossil fuels

incineration of wastes

the use of mercury itself

arctic permafrost

where is the world’s largest reservoir of mercury located and at risk of thawing because of warming temperatures?

methylmercury

trace amounts of inorganic mercury are soluble in water, where bacteria can cause chemical changes to __________, a more toxic organic form

bioaccumulates

mercury is a chemical that contains this, meaning older fish and fish that live higher on the food chain have higher mercury concentrations in their systems.

true

t/f

Inorganic mercury is absorbed up to approximately 10%, whereas methylmercury is absorbed efficiently to nearly 100%

nervous

methylmercury can also pass the placenta and be taken up by the fetus and affect the development of the ________ system

Closer to Zero Action Plan

created by the FDA, it identifies actions the agency will take to reduce exposure to arsenic, lead, cadmium, and mercury from foods eaten by babies and young children - to as low as possible

1979

in what year was the manufacture of PCBs stopped in the US after evidence surfaced about it building up in the environment and causing harmful health effects?

enter during manufacture, use, and disposal; stable/persistent and bioaccumulation

How can PCBs enter and remain in the environment?

eating PCB contaminated meats/fish products

how can PCBs enter the human body?

fat and liver

where can PCBs remain in your body?

skin conditions (acne and rashes)

what is the most commonly observed health effects in people exposed to large amounts of PCBs?

liver damage

some studies in exposed workers have shown changes in blood and urine that may indicate…

liver and biliary tract

few studies shown workers indicated PCBs were associated with certain kinds of cancers in humans like…

Body weight loss, abnormal responses, immune system

how do PCBs affect children?

2 ppm

what is the current limit of PCBs in all fish, according to the FDA and Health Canada?

increased

salmon consumption has _________ from 1989 to now

farmed salmon

concentrations of these contaminants are significantly higher in ______ _______ than in wild

european-raised salmon

these salmon have significantly greater contaminant loads than those raised in North and South America

farmed Atlantic salmon

consumption of these may pose health risks that detract from the beneficial effects of fish consumption

ciguatera fish poisoning

a commonly reported toxin-related food poisoning associated with consumption of seafood in the US

caused by the consumption of subtropical and tropical marine finfish which have accumulated naturally occurring neurotoxins, ciguatoxins, through their diet

subtropical and tropical marine finfish

ciguatera fish poisoning is caused by the consumption of which fish?

dinoflagellate species

ciguatoxins originate from several…

red tide

the result of the rapid growth of a reddish marine alga; there are unclear causes

karenia brevis

florida red tide, caused by a species of dinoflagellate, creating blooms that can make the ocean appear red or brown

it produces neurotoxins called brevetoxins

it damaged the fishing industry, shoreline quality, and local economies in states such as texas and florida

shellfish

brevetoxins can become concentrated in the tissues of _______ that feed on K. brevis

neurotoxic shellfish poisoning

a food poisoning that can cause severe gastrointestinal and neurologic symptoms, such as tingling fingers or toes