Period 8/9 LUFFY

Joseph Stalin

Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition

Marshall Plan (1947)

A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)

Berlin Airlift

airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin

Warsaw Pact (1955)

An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO

Korean War (1950-1953)

The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.

Douglass MacArthur

American commander during the war against Japan; headed American occupation governemnt of Japan after the War; commanded UN forces during the Korean War

House Un-American Activities Committee

A congressional committee created to search out disloyal Americans & Communists.

Richard Nixon

1968 and 1972; Republican; Vietnam: advocated "Vietnamization" (replace US troops with Vietnamese), but also bombed Cambodia/Laos, created a "credibility gap," Paris Peace Accords ended direct US involvement; economy-took US off gold standard (currency valued by strength of economy); created the Environmental Protection Agency, was president during first moon landing; SALT I and new policy of detente between US and Soviet Union; Watergate scandal: became first and only president to resign

McCarthy/McCarthyism

senator from Wisconsin who became known as the nation's top Communist fighter; tactics of spreading fear and making baseless charges

Dwight Eisenhower

United States general who supervised the invasion of Normandy and the defeat of Nazi Germany. Nicknames IKE and served as the U.S. president as well

Iron Curtain

A political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries

Second Red Scare

Post-World War II Red Scare focused on the fear of Communists in U.S. government positions; peaked during the Korean War and declined soon thereafter, when the U.S. Senate censured Joseph McCarthy, who had been a major instigator of the hysteria.

Brinkmanship

the willingness to go to the brink of war to force an opponent to back down

Massive Retaliation

The "new look" defense policy of the Eisenhower administration of the 1950's was to threaten "massive retaliation" with nuclear weapons in response to any act of aggression by a potential enemy.

Nikita Khrushchev

A Soviet leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Also famous for denouncing Stalin and allowed criticism of Stalin within Russia.

Fedel Castro

leader of cuba, formed alliance with soviet union

National Highway Act

Eisenhower's plan to build an interstate highway system that would connect the US and help in military movements during a war.

Sputnik

First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.

NASA

an independent agency of the United States government responsible for aviation and spaceflight

Military Industrial Complex

Eisenhower first coined this phrase when he warned American against it in his last State of the Union Address. He feared that the combined lobbying efforts of the armed services and industries that contracted with the military would lead to excessive Congressional spending.

Mutually Assured Destruction

(MAD) if either US or the USSR was hit with a nuclear weapons they would respond with the same

The Role of TV in the 1960 Election

Appearance was a huge factor and media focused on it. This started the era of television politics. Spent large amounts of money on campaign ads.

John F Kennedy

president during part of the cold war and especially during the superpower rivalry and the cuban missile crisis. he was the president who went on tv and told the public about the crisis and allowed the leader of the soviet union to withdraw their missiles. other events, which were during his terms was the building of the berlin wall, the space race, and early events of the Vietnamese war.

New Frontier

The campaign program advocated by JFK in the 1960 election. He promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation in education, health care, and civil rights.

"Ich bin ein Berliner"

JFK gives a speech in Berlin about how Berlin is free and should never succumb to communism and calls himself a Berliner, 1963, shortly after the Berlin wall is erected

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

The 1962 confrontation bewteen US and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba.

Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961)

failed invasion of Cuba in 1961 when a force of 1,200 Cuban exiles, backed by the United States, landed at the Bay of Pigs.

Great Society

President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.

Medicare

A federal program of health insurance for persons 65 years of age and older

Medicaid

A federal and state assistance program that pays for health care services for people who cannot afford them.

Immigration Act of 1965

Abolished the national-origins quotas and providing for the admission each year of 170,000 immigrants from the Eastern Hemisphere and 120,000 from the Western Hemisphere

Warren Court

the chief justice that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson in Brown v. Board of Education (1954); he was the first justice to help the civil rights movement, judicial activism

Liberalism

A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes.

Beatniks

A United States youth subculture of the 1950s that rebelled against the mundane horrors of middle class life.

Woodstock

3 day rock concert in upstate N.Y. August 1969, exemplified the counterculture of the late 1960s, nearly 1/2M gather in a 600 acre field

National Organization for Women

Founded in 1966, the National Organization for Women (NOW) called for equal employment opportunity and equal pay for women. NOW also championed the legalization of abortion and passage of an equal rights amendment to the Constitution.

Equal Rights Amendment (1972)

constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender

G.I. Bill, 1944

law passed in 1944 to help returning veterans buy homes and pay for higher educations

Baby Boom

A cohort of individuals born in the United States between 1946 and 1964, which was just after World War II in a time of relative peace and prosperity. These conditions allowed for better education and job opportunities, encouraging high rates of both marriage and fertility.

Thurghood Marshall

naacp lawyer who fought for school integration. first african american supreme court jusitice

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

Little Rock Nine

A group of students who were enrolled in a white high school on the basis of being black

Rosa Parks

United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)

Jim Crow Laws

Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites

Martin Luther King Jr.

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)

Freedom Riders

Group of civil rights workers who took bus trips through southern states in 1961 to protest illegal bus segregation

"I have a dream" speech (1963)

A speech given by Martin Luther King, Jr. at the demonstration of freedom in 1963 at the Lincoln Memorial. It was an event related to the civil rights movement of the 1960's to unify citizens in accepting diversity and eliminating discrimination against African-Americans

Civil Rights Act of 1964

This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

a policy designed to reduce the barriers to voting for those suffering discrimination.

24th Amendment (1964)

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1964) eliminated the poll tax as a prerequisite to vote in national elections.

Malcolm X

Charismatic Black Muslim leader who promoted separatism in the early 1960s

Black Power Movement

African American movement that focused on gaining control of economic and political power to achieve equal rights by force in necessary. (Malcolm X)

Kerner Commission

created in July, 1967 by President Lyndon B. Johnson to investigate the causes of the 1967 race riots in the United States

Ho Chi Minh

1950s and 60s; communist leader of North Vietnam; used geurilla warfare to fight anti-comunist, American-funded attacks under the Truman Doctrine; brilliant strategy drew out war and made it unwinnable

Domino Theory

A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.

Lyndon B Johnson

36th U.S. President. 1963-1969. Democratic. signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965. he had a war on poverty in his agenda. in an attempt to win, he set a few goals, including the great society, the economic opportunity act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy famillies. he also created a department of housing and urban development. his most important legislation was probably medicare and medicaid.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

1964 Congressional resolution authorizing President Johnson to take military action in Vietnam

Operation Rolling Thunder

bombing campaign over North Vietnam, supposed to weaken enemy's ability and will to fight

Viet Kong

Communist Gorilla force that functioned as the National Liberation Front's army and began fighting against Ngo Dingh Diem's Government in South Vietnam in the 1950s.

Tet Offensive (1968)

1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment

Pentagon Papers

A 7,000-page top-secret United States government report on the history of the internal planning and policy-making process within the government itself concerning the Vietnam War.

My Lai Massacre (1968)

1968, in which American troops had brutally massacred innocent women and children in the village of My Lai, also led to more opposition to the war.

"Escalation"

policy of increasing military involvement in Vietnam

War Powers Act of 1973

Act that grants emergency executive powers to president to run war effort

Nixon Doctrine

During the Vietnam War, the Nixon Doctrine was created. It stated that the United States would honor its exiting defense commitments, but in the future other countries would have to fight their own wars without support of American troops.

Drug Enforcement Administration

The government agency responsible for administering and enforcing the Controlled Substances Act.

Detente

A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon.

Orginization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries is an organization enabling the co-operation of leading oil-producing countries in order to collectively influence the global oil market and maximize profit.

Watergate

The events and scandal surrounding a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters in 1972 and the subsequent cover-up of White House involvement, leading to the eventual resignation of President Nixon under the threat of impeachment.

Gerald Ford

(1974-1977), Solely elected by a vote from Congress. He pardoned Nixon of all crimes that he may have committed. Evacuated nearly 500,000 Americans and South Vietnamese from Vietnam, closing the war. We are heading toward rapid inflation. He runs again and debates Jimmy Carter. At the debate he is asked how he would handle the communists in eastern Europe and he said there were none and this apparently sealed his fate.

Sunbelt

states in the south and southwest that have a warm climate and tend to be politically conservative

Election of 1976

Ford vs Carter, Carter wins. Important because he was the first president from the south for a while and people thought he would bring fresh ideas

Jimmy Carter

(1977-1981), Created the Department of Energy and the Depatment of Education. He was criticized for his return of the Panama Canal Zone, and because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, he enacted an embargo on grain shipments to USSR and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow and his last year in office was marked by the takeover of the American embassy in Iran, fuel shortages, and the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, which caused him to lose to Ronald Regan in the next election.

Camp David Accords

The first signed agreement between Israel and an Arab country, in which Egyptian president Anwar Sadat recognized Israel as a legitimate state and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin agreed to return the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt.

Ayatollah Khomeini

Shiite religious leader of Iran, led the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran and ordered the invasion of the US Embassy.

Department of Education

This Department promotes national education and works to keep America competitive and to make sure that education is available to everyone

Department of Energy

the federal department responsible for maintaining a national energy policy of the United States

Iran Hostage Crisis (1979-1981)

In November 1979, revolutionaries stormed the American embassy in Tehran and held 52 Americans hostage. The Carter administration tried unsuccessfully to negotiate for the hostages release. On January 20, 1981, the day Carter left office, Iran released the Americans, ending their 444 days in captivity.

Ronald Reagan

1981-1989,"Great Communicator" Republican, conservative economic policies, replaced liberal Democrats in upper house with consevative Democrats or "boll weevils" , at reelection time, jesse jackson first black presdiential candidate, Geraldine Ferraro as VP running mate (first woman)

Supply Side/Trickle Down Economics

Economic theory that reducing taxes will allow more money for consumers to spend in an economy. It is what Herbert Hoover practiced in an attempt to correct the Great Depression.

Sandra Day O'Connor

first woman supreme court justice. appointed by Reagan

Obergefell v. Hodges

Court case where states obligated to recognize same-sex marriage from other states.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe.

Iran-Contra Affair (1986-1987)

This involved high officials in the Reagan administration secretly selling arms to Iran (in return for the release of Western hostages in the Middle East) and illegally using the proceeds to finance the Contra rebels in Nicaragua.

Fall of Soviet Union (1991)

the soviet union's weakening economy along with great discrepancies between worker's wages and the privileges their leaders enjoyed, led the the breakup of the soviet union.

Bill Clinton

42nd President advocated economic and healthcare reform; second president to be impeached

Ross Perot

This billionaire was a third-party candidate in the 1992 presidential election won 19 percent of the popular vote. His strong showing that year demonstrated voter disaffection with the two major parties.

9/11 Attacks

the U.S. was attacked by the Al Qaeda which resulted in the War on Terrorism and the Patriot Acts

"War on Terror"

Initiated by President George W. Bush after the attacks of September 11, 2001, the broadly defined war on terror aimed to weed out terrorist operatives and their supporters throughout the world.

2000 Election

Bush v. Gore, very controversial-Bush won (lost popular vote, won electoral vote) Year they had a controversial recount of votes

Tea Party

A national social movement, primarily attracting fiscal and social conservatives, that seeks to limit government spending and cut taxes

2008 Financial Collapse

The 2007-2008 financial crisis, or the global financial crisis, was the most severe worldwide economic crisis since the Great Depression