POL222 UOFT

The conditional mean of Y

This is the summary measure of Y that takes the average value of Y, for each value of X Z

What is the distance between Yi and Yi^ called? And its equation

Residual, ui = Yi - Yi^

Simple linear regression model equation

Y = B0 + B1Xi

What is Y^i represent

The predicted value of Y

What accounts for potentiality of reverse causality?

Controlling the value of the independent variable

What accounts for confounding variables

researcher randomly assigns the participants to different groups with different values of the independent variable (Random Assignment)

What is random assignment

occurs when every person in the experiment has an equally likely chance of being assigned to each level of the independent variable

What is a RCT

randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental form of impact evaluation in which the population receiving the programme or policy intervention is chosen at random from the eligible population, and a control group is also chosen at random from the same eligible population.

What is random sampling?

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

Internal validity

The degree of confidence we have in the causal conclusion, drawn from the study

What constitutes internal validity?

Random assignment, experimental, stimulus, experimental intention

What is external validity?

The degree of confidence we have in the generalizability of the causal conclusion from the study

What constitutes external validity?

Representativeness of the sample, experimental stimulus

What is statistical inference?

the process of using data obtained from a sample to make estimates and test hypotheses about the characteristics of a population

What is probability value?

Probability, reflecting, how likely it is, if there is no true relationship, a relationship can be found in the data due to chance alone

What is significance level?

fixed value that we compare with the P-value, matter of judgement to determine if something is "statistically significant".

What happens if the P value is very small?

It is highly unlikely that the relationship is due to chance, meaning that the observed relationship is more likely true

What happens if the P value is large?

This means it is more likely that the relationship is due to chance, rather than the observed relationship being true

What happens if the P value is smaller than the significance level?

Likely to reflect the true relationship between X Y, making beta statistically significant

What happens if the P value is larger than the significance level?

More likely due to chance, and there is no true relationship between X and Y. Beta is not statistically significant meaning that it is likely at the one percent level.

How is the residual in the OLS model?

It is squaring the values to make them positive, regardless, and the minimizing of the distance between the line of best fit and the actual points a.k.a. the aggression

The coefficient of X is what

The change in the conditional mean of why corresponding to a one unit increase increase in