HSCI 211 FINAL EXAM STUDY

How much oxygen does someone breathe in?

21%

How much oxygen does someone breathe out?

16%

Is obesity associated with a variety of diseases?

Yes

What are diseases that are affected by obesity?

stroke, migraine, GERD, cardiovascular diseases

What happens if BMI is less than 18.5?

underweight

What happens if BMI is between 18.5-25?

healthy weight

What happens if BMI is 25-30

overweight

What happens if BMI is greater than 30?

obesity

What is class 1 obesity?

BMI of 30-35

What is class 2 obesity?

BMI of 35-40

What is class 3 obesity?

BMI of 40 and higher

What is a method to determining body composition?

skinfold measurements

Where are the three places to measure skin fat for women?

Suprailium, biceps, thigh

Where are the three places to measure skin fat for men?

thigh, abdomen, chest

What is underwater weighing known as?

gold standard

What is a body pod?

uses the displacement of air to determine body density and body composition

What is bioelectrical impedance analysis?

involves the placement of two electrodes where a low level of electric current is sent through the body

What is visceral fat?

found in the abdomen and surrounding vital organs

Normal level of visceral fat

>9

High level of visceral fat

<10-14

Very high level of visceral fat

<15

What is a dexa scan?

advanced, highly accurate body imaging technique for measuring total body composition

Generate pros and cons pertaining to accuracy for each body composition technique: skinfolds, hydrostatic weighing, BOD POD, and BIA

Generate pros and cons pertaining to accuracy for each body composition technique: skinfold, hydrostatic weighing, BOD POD, and BIA

Reflex

a reaction evoked by a specific stimulus. There are many different types of reflexes such as: vomiting, coughing, and defecation.

What do reflexes send?

action potential

What happens if a reflex is absent?

suggest damage to the peripheral nervous system or an issue with skeletal muscle

What is an exaggerated reflex?

suggest an issue with the central nervous system

What do sensory cells carry?

Afferent impulses

Where do afferent impulses carried to?

Central interneuron, which makes contact with a motor neuron

What does a motor neuron carry?

efferent impulses

Where are efferent impulses carried to?

Effector

What muscle is involved for the patellar tendon reflex?

quadriceps femoris

What spinal cord segment is involved for the patellar tendon reflex?

L4

What peripheral nerve is involved for the patellar tendon reflex?

femoral

What muscle is involved for the achilles tendon reflex?

gastrocnemius, soleus

What spinal cord segment is involved for the achilles tendon reflex?

S1

What peripheral nerve is involved for the achilles tendon reflex?

Tibial

What muscle is involved for the triceps tendon reflex?

triceps brachii

What spinal cord segment is involved for the triceps tendon reflex?

C7

What peripheral nerve is involved for the triceps tendon reflex?

radial

What is a mechanism used by the body to minimize injury?

Ability to react to various stimuli

Is reaction time directly or indirectly affected to response?

indirectly

Why is reaction time important?

sports, games, video games, physical tests, driving

Would changing the position of the grip dynomometer alter the force generated by the muscle? Why?

What happens when a muscle fiber contracts?

myosin head attached to actin form cross-bridges followed by the thin filmanets sliding over the thick filaments

How are cross-bridges formed?

thin and thick filaments already overlap

Length of sarcomere directly or indirectly influence on force generated?

Directly

What happens if a sarcomere is stretched past ideal length?

thick and thin filaments don’t overlap at all, no cross-bridges can be formed and no tension produced in the sarcomere

What happens if sarcomere is shortened?

zone of overlap is reduced with the thin filament jutting beyond the last of the myosin heads and shrinks the H zone

What does a spirometer measure?

flow of oxygen

What does ATPS stand for?

Ambient Temperature and Pressure Saturated

What is ATPS?

The volume of gas is dependent upon the ambient temperature at a barometric pressure that is saturated with water vapor (Pb= 760 mm Hg @sea level) .

What does BTPS stand for?

Barometric Temperature and Pressure Saturated

What is required for the ATPS and BTPS?

ambient temperature, barometric pressure, & level of humidity

What is Charles’s and Gay-Lussac’s Law

the volume of a gas maintained at constant pressure is directly proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas.

What happens to volume as temperature increases?

incrases

What is Boyle’s law?

the pressure of a fixed amount of gas at a constant temperature is inversely proportional to the volume of the gas.

What is the relationship between pressure of gas and volume of gas?

inversely

What happens as the ambient temperature increases?

the smaller the correlation factor

Tidal volume

volume of air expired or inspired during quiet breathing

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

volume of air that can be forced in after tidal volume

Expiratory Reserve Volume

volume of air that can be forced out after tidal volume

Residual Lung Volume

volume of air left in lungs after maximum expiration

Viral capacity

maximum volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a maximum inhalation

Total lung capacity

volume of gas in the lungs after a maximum inspiration

How do you calculate vital capacity?

tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume

How do you calculate total vital capacity?

tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume + residual lung volume

What is FEV_1.0?

indicates how fast air can be expired from the lungs in one second.

What percentage is considered normal?

80%

What happens if FEV1.0/FVC ratio is lower than 80%?

FVC is not normal

What causes lower of obstructive pulmonary dysfunction?

Asthma, COPD, Bronchitis, and Cystic fibrosis

What is the Flow Volume Loop?

used to help identify the type of obstructive or restrictive disorder

Acromegaly Symptoms

Enlarged hands and feet, excessive sweating, fatigue, muscle weakness, pain, limited joint mobility

Acromegaly Blood Test

Elevated levels of insulin, like growth factor

Addison's Disease Symptoms

Fatigue, increased pigment in the skin, weight loss, muscle weakness

Addison's Disease Blood Test

Low sodium, high potassium, high ACTH, low cortisol in the blood

Cushing's Syndrome Symptoms

Backache, anxiety, muscle weakness, extra fat deposits on the back of the neck and upper back (aka "buffalo hump"), females may experience irregular menstrual cycle

Cushing's Syndrome Blood Test

High levels of cortisol in the blood

Diabetes Insipidus Symptoms

Frequent urination, excessive thirst

Diabetes Insipidus Blood Test

Normal blood glucose level, no glucose in the urine, low ADH level in the blood

Hyperparathyroidism Symptoms

Excessive thirst, weak or broken bones, fatigue, nausea

Hyperparathyroidism Blood Test

High calcium and parathyroid hormone levels in the blood

Hyperthyroidism Symptoms

Elevated body temp, extreme sweating, nervousness, rapid heart rate, weight loss, irregular menstrual cycle in females

Hyperthyroidism Blood Test

High thyroxine and low TSH in the blood

Hypothyroidism Symptoms

Fatigue, muscle weakness, depression, weight gain, low body temperature, intolerant of cold

Hypothyroidism Blood Test

Low thyroxine and high TSH in the blood

Type I Diabetes Mellitus Symptoms

Frequent urination, excessive thirst, weight loss

Type I Diabetes Mellitus Blood Test

Glucose in urine, elevated blood glucose, islet cell antibody in the blood

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Symptoms

Frequent urination, excessive thirst

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Blood Test

Glucose in urine, elevated blood glucose, no islet cell antibody in the blood

Acromegaly

Enlarged hands and feet, excessive sweating, fatigue, muscle weakness, pain, limited joint mobility

Elevated levels of insulin, like growth factor

Addison's Disease

Fatigue, increased pigment in the skin, weight loss, muscle weakness

Low sodium, high potassium, high ACTH, low cortisol in the blood

Cushing's Syndrome

Backache, anxiety, muscle weakness, extra fat deposits on the back of the neck and upper back (aka "buffalo hump"), females may experience irregular menstrual cycle

High levels of cortisol in the blood

Diabetes Insipidus

Frequent urination, excessive thirst

Normal blood glucose level, no glucose in the urine, low ADH level in the blood

Hyperparathyroidism

Excessive thirst, weak or broken bones, fatigue, nausea

High calcium and parathyroid hormone levels in the blood

Hyperthyroidism

Elevated body temp, extreme sweating, nervousness, rapid heart rate, weight loss, irregular menstrual cycle in females

High thyroxine and low TSH in the blood

Hypothyroidism

Fatigue, muscle weakness, depression, weight gain, low body temperature, intolerant of cold

Low thyroxine and high TSH in the blood