English for Business Studies - Unit 9

accounting

(n) the process of recording, analyzing, and interpreting financial information to provide insights into the financial health and performance of an organization

accounts

(n) financial records or statements that track the inflow and outflow of money, including income, expenses, assets, and liabilities

annual

(adj) occurring or done once a year, often referring to financial reports, statements or activities conducted on an annual basis

asset

(n) a valuable resource or item owned by an individual or organization that has economic value and can be used to generate future benefits

audit

(n) a systematic examination and verification of financial records, statements, and transactions to ensure accuracy, compliance, and integrity

balance sheet

(n) a financial statement that provides a snapshot of an organization's financial position by showing its assets, liabilities, and shareholders' equity at a specific point in time

bankrupt

(adj) unable to pay debts, often resulting in insolvency or financial failure

break-even

(n) the point at which total revenue equals total costs, resulting in neither profit nor loss

budget

(n) a financial plan that outlines the expected income and expenses over a specific period, often used for managing and controlling financial resources

capital investment

(n) the allocation of funds or resources to acquire or upgrade long-term assets, such as property, equipment or technology, with the expectation of generating future returns

cash flow forecast

(n) a projection or estimation of the anticipated cash inflows and outflows over a specific period, often used to assess and manage liquidity

cost-benefit analysis

(n) an evaluation technique that compares the costs of an action or decision with its expected benefits, helping to determine its viability or profitability

credit

(n) an arrangement in which a person or organization receives goods or services now and agrees to make payment at a later date

current asset

(n) an asset that is expected to be converted into cash or used up within one year, such as inventory, accounts receivable or cash equivalents

debt

(n) an amount of money owed by an individual or organization to another party, often with an obligation to repay the borrowed amount plus interest

dividend

(n) a payment made by a corporation to its shareholders, typically as a share of the company's profits

documentation

(n) written or recorded information that provides evidence, proof or support for something, often used in the context of financial records, agreements or procedures

equity

(n) the ownership interest or residual claim of shareholders in a company's assets after deducting liabilities, often representing the net worth of the organization

expenditure

(n) the act of spending money, often referring to costs or expenses incurred by an individual or organization

expense

(n) the cost incurred in the process of generating revenue or operating a business, often recorded as an outflow of money

financial tool

(n) a software, system or method used for managing and analyzing financial information, often to facilitate decision-making or financial planning

fixed asset

(n) a long-term tangible asset, such as land, buildings or equipment, that is not intended for sale and is used to support business operations

forward planning

(n) the process of anticipating future events, needs or challenges and developing strategies or actions to address them proactively

fund

(n) a pool of money or financial resources allocated for a specific purpose often used for investment, research or financing activities; (v) to provide financial resources or support for a project, initiative or organization

go bust

(phrase) to go out of business or fail financially

gross

(adj) total income or revenue before deductions

interest

(n) a fee charged for borrowing money, often expressed as a percentage of the principal amount

investment appraisal

(n) the evaluation and analysis of potential investments to determine their financial viability and expected returns

investor

(n) an individual or organization that allocates financial resources or capital to ventures, projects or securities with the expectation of earning a return on investment

liquid

(adj) readily convertible into cash or available funds, often referring to assets that can be easily sold or used to generate cash

loan

(n) a sum of money borrowed from a lender with an agreement to repay it over time, typically with interest

loss

(n) a negative financial result that occurs when expenses exceed revenue or when the value of assets decreases, often resulting in a decrease in net worth

mechanism

(n) a system or process that operates to produce a specific outcome or result, often referring to the underlying principles or mechanisms of financial transactions or operations

net profit

(n) the amount of revenue remaining after deducting all expenses, taxes, and other costs associated with generating that revenue, often referred to as the bottom line or net income

operating costs

(n) the expenses incurred by a business in its day-to-day operations, including salaries, rent, utilities, supplies, and maintenance

plc (public limited company)

(n) a type of business organization in which ownership is distributed among shareholders and shares are traded publicly on a stock exchange

profit and loss account

(n) a financial statement that summarizes the revenue, costs, and expenses of a business over a specific period, showing the net profit or loss generated during that period

profit margin

(n) a financial ratio that measures the profitability of a company by calculating the percentage of revenue left after deducting all costs and expenses

share capital

(n) the total value of shares issued by a company, representing the ownership interest of shareholders in the company's equity

share price

(n) the current market price or value of a single share of stock in a publicly traded company

shareholders' equity

(n) the residual interest in the assets of a company after deducting liabilities, representing the ownership claim of shareholders in the company's net assets

statement

(n) a formal declaration or written account of facts, information or financial data, often used to communicate or report specific details or results

tax inspector

(n) an official or agent of the tax authority responsible for enforcing tax laws, conducting audits, and assessing tax liabilities

transaction

(n) an exchange or transfer of goods, services or money between two or more parties, often involving a purchase, sale or financial transaction

turnover

(n) the total revenue generated by a business through its operations during a specific period, often indicating the volume or value of business activities