Adapted Physical Activity and Disability Foundations Flashcards

Flashcards testing core concepts, historical models, terminology, ICF framework, accessibility, and service delivery models from the lecture notes.

How is the term "Disability" etymologically broken down in the lecture?

"Dis" means away from, and "Ability" means capacity or competence.

What is a social construction?

An idea or notion that appears to be natural and obvious to people who accept it, although it may or may not represent reality, remaining largely an invention or artifice of a given society.

What were the historical perspectives on disability in the Hebrew Bible?

Disability was associated with sin, and people with disabilities were ostracized and shunned.

How did the Charitable Model view persons with disabilities prior to the 20th century?

It viewed people with disabilities as victims and objects of pity.

How was disability defined under the Economic Model in the middle of the 20th century?

Disability was defined by the ability to work, be productive, and maintain independence in the labor force.

What was the primary focus of the Biomedical Model (1960s-1980s)?

Disability was defined by medical professionals as resulting from an impairment or flaw within a person that needs to be corrected.

What key slogan and core premise define the Social Model of disability (1980s onwards)?

"Nothing about us, without us"; it asserts that disability is socially constructed and only exists between the person and barriers in society.

How does the Biopsychosocial Model define disability?

It views disability as a result of the interaction between a person and a society that fails to adapt to the person's impairment.

What are the three primary reasons cited for needing a definition of disability?

1. Honour the experience of disability. 2. Recognize and create a shared identity. 3. Strive to create equity and inclusion.

What is the full name and purpose of the UN CRPD?

United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities; an international treaty promoting, protecting, and ensuring the full and equal enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedoms by all persons with disabilities.

According to global and Canadian demographics, what proportion of people live with a disability?

Globally: 1 in 6 people. In Canada: 1 in 5 people (7% of people over 15 years, or 8.0 million people).

Why are demographic statistics for disability currently growing?

Because the definition of disability is broadening and the aging population has a higher life expectancy.

What are four negative outcomes associated with the labeling problem?

1. Linked with stigmas. 2. Leads to stereotypes. 3. Leads to the spread phenomenon. 4. Leads to negative self-fulfilling prophecies.

What are five exceptions where labeling is beneficial or necessary?

1. Facilitate communication. 2. Access funding. 3. Receive treatment. 4. Access programs. 5. Sports classification.

How has euphemistic language evolved in the organizational naming of Inclusion Canada from 1958 to 2020?

1958: Canadian Association for 'Retarded Children' -> 1969: Canadian Association for the 'Mentally Retarded' -> 1985: Canadian Association for Community Living -> 2020: Inclusion Canada.

What is Person-First Language and what model does it align with?

Language putting the person before the disability (e.g., "person with a disability"); it aligns with the Rights-Based Model to maintain individual integrity.

What is the central premise of the UK Social Model regarding language?

It uses disability-first language, stating that "societies disable people" and framing non-normative biological structures as impairments.

How does the Identity-First Model conceptualize disability?

It views disability, neurodiversity, and differences as a valued part of an individual's identity (e.g., "Autistic person").

What is the difference between Capital "D" Deaf and small "d" deaf?

Capital "D" Deaf identifies with a cultural/linguistic minority community with rich traditions; small "d" deaf refers strictly to medical hearing loss.

What is an attitude, and what are its three core properties?

A settled way of thinking or feeling reflected in behavior; it is 1. Learned and socially constructed, 2. Evaluative (communicates worth), and 3. Predictive.

What are the ABC's of attitude as illustrated in the lecture framework?

Cognition (Thoughts / Stereotypes) -> Affect (Feelings / Prejudice) -> Behaviour (Actions / Discrimination).

How do stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination differ in the ABC framework?

Stereotypes are cognitive thoughts, prejudice represents affective feelings, and discrimination is the behavioral action taken.

What is ableism, and what are two examples of everyday or minor ableism?

Discrimination or social prejudice against people with disabilities; examples include choosing an inaccessible venue for an event or using an accessible bathroom stall when not needed.

What are the objective and subjective impacts of negative attitudes?

Objective impacts affect material well-being (e.g., job rejection leading to no income/housing); Subjective impacts involve internalized reactions affecting self-sense and emotional well-being.

What were the findings of the 2015 Angus Reid Institute survey on Canadian attitudes toward accessibility?

90% felt accessibility is a human right, but only 50% felt accessibility should be a priority, and only 40% felt environmental modifications are useful and worthwhile.

What is the distinction between explicit and implicit attitudes?

Explicit attitudes are conscious, deliberate beliefs that are easily reported; implicit attitudes are automatic, involuntary associations formed through past experiences.

In the Stereotype Content Model matrix, where are people with disabilities placed?

They are placed in the "Paternalized" quadrant (high warmth, low competence).

According to the Stereotype Content Model, how can society move people with disabilities from "Paternalized" to "Admired"?

By improving the view of their competence, particularly through getting people with disabilities active.

What characterizes the "Supercrip" narrative, and why is it problematic?

Portraying people with disabilities as superheroes with superhuman capabilities for 'overcoming' disability; it takes away from the fact that they are normal humans and distracts from societal barriers.

Which attitude change methods do NOT work, and which DO work according to the lecture?

DO NOT work: Mass media and disability simulations. DO work: Contact theory, focusing on children, focusing on healthcare professionals, incentives, and models of disability.

Why are models used in Adapted Physical Activity (APA)?

Models simplify complex realities, influence program design, guide instructor decision-making, and inform who is included or excluded.

What is the core assumption and goal of the Medical Model in APA?

Core assumption: Disability is located within the individual (impairment/deficit); Goal: Treat, fix, or normalize the person.

What are the strengths and limitations of the Medical Model in APA practice?

Strengths: Important for injury prevention, safety, and rehabilitation. Limitations: Overemphasizes deficits, ignores the environment, reduces autonomy, and reinforces ableism.

What is the core assumption and goal of the Social Model in APA?

Core assumption: Disability arises from barriers, not bodies; Goal: Remove physical, environmental, systemic, and attitudinal barriers.

What biological, psychological, and social factors overlap in physical activity according to the lecture figure?

Biological (Fatigue), Psychological (Motivation), and Social (Program Design).

How does the Biopsychosocial Model conceptualize disability?

As a complex interaction between a person's health condition, their thoughts/emotions, and environmental/social factors.

What shift in focus occurs when using the ICF Framework for disability and health?

A shift away from focusing solely on the cause of a condition to evaluating its IMPACT on a person's everyday life and functioning.

In the ICF diagram, what represents the underlying disorder or disease diagnosed?

Health condition.

In the ICF Framework, how are "Body functions / Body structures" defined and what term corresponds to a problem here?

Physiological and psychological body system aspects affected by health condition; a problem here is termed an "impairment".

In the ICF Framework, how are "Activities" defined and what term corresponds to a breakdown here?

Execution of tasks and ADLs; inability to perform an activity is termed an "activity limitation".

How is "Participation" defined in the ICF Framework, and what is a problem in this domain called?

Involvement in life situations (such as employment, sport, exercise, leisure, mobility, education); a problem here is termed a "participation restriction".

What are the two contextual factors included in the ICF Model?

Environmental factors (external physical and social settings) and Personal factors (internal characteristics like age, gender, socioeconomic status).

How is a Spinal Cord Injury mapped across the ICF Framework?

Health Condition: Spinal Cord Injury -> Impairment: Muscle power problems -> Activity: Difficulty moving/walking -> Participation: Restricted employment/transit -> Environment: Transport/building barriers -> Personal: Male, 30yrs.

What are Activities of Daily Living (ADLs)?

Fundamental self-care tasks that are essential for independent living.

What is the 1 to 5 qualifier scale for Body Structures and Function in the ICF Model?

1 = No impairment, 2 = Mild, 3 = Moderate, 4 = Severe, 5 = Complete impairment.

In the ICF framework, what is the difference between Capacity and Performance?

Capacity is an individual's ability to execute a task without assistance; Performance is an individual's ability in their current environment.

In ICF assessment, what does it mean when Capacity is less than Performance?

It indicates that the environmental context acts as a facilitator to the individual's function.

In ICF assessment, what does it mean when Capacity is greater than Performance?

It indicates that the environmental context acts as a barrier to the individual's function.

In the hearing loss lecture example, why is the environmental context evaluated as a facilitator?

Because without assistance capacity is low, but with hearing aids and closed-captioning performance is high (Capacity < Performance).

What is the distinction between Quantity Participation and Quality Participation?

Quantity participation focuses on physical activity volume and guidelines; Quality participation occurs when involvement is satisfying, enjoyable, and delivers personally meaningful outcomes.

What are the six elements of Quality Experiences in the Quality Participation Framework?

1. Autonomy, 2. Belongingness, 3. Challenge, 4. Engagement, 5. Mastery, 6. Meaning.

How is Autonomy defined in the Quality Participation Framework?

Having independence, choice, and control (e.g., "I can choose the frequency, intensity, duration and type of exercise").

How is Belongingness defined in the Quality Participation Framework?

Feeling included, accepted, respected, and part of the group.

How is Challenge defined in the Quality Participation Framework?

Feeling appropriately tested in one's abilities.

How is Engagement defined in the Quality Participation Framework?

Being in-the-moment, focused, absorbed, and fascinated during participation.

How is Mastery defined in the Quality Participation Framework?

Feeling a sense of achievement, accomplishment, and competence.

How is Meaning defined in the Quality Participation Framework?

Contributing toward obtaining a personal or socially meaningful goal; feeling a sense of responsibility to others.

What three environmental conditions form the foundation for Quality Participation?

1. Physical environment, 2. Program/activity environment, and 3. Social environment.

What strategy is used in powerchair sports to build the Belonging building block?

Encouraging individual team members to share their stories and experiences with one another to bring the team closer together.

What are the four pillars of building a safe, welcoming, and inclusive exercise environment?

1. Center the person in care. 2. Prioritize physical, psychological, and cultural safety. 3. Work in partnership with the person. 4. Communicate openly and often.

How do Iwarsson & Stahl define accessibility in relation to the person-environment relationship?

As being "approachable, at hand, attainable, available, close, convenient, handy, and within reach," and the "possibility to take part in something desirable."

What are the four dimensions of accessibility?

1. Built & Natural Environment, 2. Information & Technology, 3. Support & Relationships, 4. Systems, Services & Policies.

What are the four core principles of accessibility?

1. Independence, 2. Dignity, 3. Integration, and 4. Equality.

How do Accessibility and Usability differ according to the lecture comparison?

Accessibility is systemic, proactive, general (population-based), and objective; Usability is individualized, reactive, specific, and subjective.

What are accommodations and how are they characterized?

Individualized, reactive modifications specific to an individual's needs, stipulated by Human Rights Codes.

What is Prescriptive Design and what is its primary drawback?

Design aimed at minimizing a functional limitation for a specific individual or group (e.g., personal workspace); its main drawback is being costly.

What is Universal Design?

A design process aimed at creating products/spaces usable without the need for accommodations, exceeding minimum standards to design for all.

What is Principle 1 of Universal Design: Equitable Use?

The design is useful and marketable to people with diverse abilities, providing the same means of use for all users to avoid segregating.

What is Principle 2 of Universal Design: Flexibility in Use?

The design accommodates a wide range of individual preferences and abilities by providing choice in method of use and adaptability to pace.

What is Principle 4 of Universal Design: Perceptible Information?

Effective communication of necessary information using different modes (pictorial, verbal, tactile) and clear contrast with surroundings.

What is Principle 6 of Universal Design: Low Physical Effort?

The design can be used efficiently and comfortably with minimal fatigue while maintaining neutral body position.

In models of service delivery, how is Exclusion defined?

Preventing someone with a disability from doing something or being part of a group, leaving them with no option to gain access.

In models of service delivery, how is Segregation defined?

Keeping groups completely separate from each other (e.g., a soccer league for able-bodied youth and a separate league for youth with intellectual disabilities).

In models of service delivery, how is Integration defined?

Placing individuals with disabilities into an existing community or group, but keeping them clustered within their own separate subgroup inside that space.

In models of service delivery, how is Inclusion defined?

An environment where there is no distinction between people with and without disabilities, and all members participate fully to the same extent.

What are the five nested levels of the Socio-Ecological Model shown in the lecture?

Individual -> Interpersonal -> Institutional -> Community -> Policy.

What are the sequential components of The Inaccessibility Cycle?

Inaccessibility -> Disabled people unable to participate -> Disabled people not visible in public -> Disabled people seen as outlier/rarity -> 'So there's little/no need to consider them' -> Inaccessibility.

What are common critiques of Inclusion in physical activity settings?

It can be treated as a moral cause without adequate execution, leading to poor quality educational programs, lacking qualified staff, and a lack of focus on individual experience.

What is Reverse Integration?

Including able-bodied peers in a program that was specifically designed for people with disabilities.

Under what conditions is Reverse Integration typically utilized?

In educational settings when attempted integration placement has proven overly difficult (e.g., student unable to communicate, uncomfortable in large groups, or exhibits violent behavior).