Sculpture part of exam

Women (Venus) of Willendorf

Culture: Paleolithic;

Material: Limestone;

Type: Freestanding sculpture / figurine;

Process: Carving;

Style: Paleolithic / highly stylized.

Exaggerated body features, possibly connected to fertility

Great Sphinx of Giza

Culture: Ancient Egypt;

Material: Limestone;

Type: Monumental sculpture;

Process: Carving

Style: Egyptian.

Represents royal power

Menkaure with a Queen

Culture: Ancient Egypt

Material: Graywacke

Type: Freestanding sculpture

Process: Carving;

Style: Egyptian.

Akhenaten and His Family

Culture: Ancient Egypt

Material: Limestone

Type: Relief sculpture

Process: Carving

Style: Amarna style.

Shows Akhenaten, Nefertiti, and their children

Shows the royal family in a more natural/relaxed way

Doryphoros (Spear Bearer)

Artist: Polykleitos;

Culture: Ancient Greece;

Material: Originally bronze; famous Roman copies are marble;

Type: Freestanding sculpture;

Process: Originally casting;

Style: Classical Greek.

• Uses contrapposto

• Shows the ideal Greek male body

Nike of Samothrace

Culture: Hellenistic Greece;

Material: Parian marble;

Type: Freestanding / monumental sculpture;

Process: Carving;

Style: Hellenistic.

• Represents Nike, goddess of victory

Laocoön and His Sons

Culture: Hellenistic / Roman;

Material: Marble;

Type: Freestanding sculpture / group sculpture;

Process: Carving;

Style: Hellenistic.

• Shows Laocoön and his sons attacked by sea serpents

• Very dramatic and emotional

Head of a Roman Patrician

Culture: Ancient Rome;

Material: Marble;

Type: Bust;

Process: Carving;

Style: Roman Republican realism.

• Shows an older Roman man

• Very realistic wrinkles and facial features

Augustus of Prima Porta

Culture: Ancient Rome;

Material: Marble;

Type: Freestanding statue;

Process: Carving;

Style: Roman Imperial / Classical influence.

• Shows Emperor Augustus

• Dressed as a military leader

• Used to show Roman power and victories

Gates of Paradise

Artist: Lorenzo Ghiberti;

Culture: Italian Renaissance;

Material: Bronze;

Type: Relief sculpture / doors;

Process: Casting;

Style: Renaissance.

• Bronze doors with biblical scenes

• Uses perspective to create depth

Donatello's David

Artist: Donatello;

Material: Bronze;

Type: Freestanding sculpture;

Process: Casting;

Style: Early Renaissance.

• Shows David after defeating Goliath

• One of the first major free-standing nude sculptures since ancient times

Michelangelo's David

Artist: Michelangelo;

Material: Marble;

Type: Freestanding sculpture;

Process: Carving;

Style: High Renaissance.

• Shows David before fighting Goliath

• Shows the ideal Renaissance human figure

Bernini's David

Artist: Gian Lorenzo Bernini;

Material: Marble;

Type: Freestanding sculpture;

Process: Carving;

Style: Baroque.

• Shows David in the middle of action

Statue of Liberty

Artists: Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi; engineered by Gustave Eiffel;

Material: Copper over an iron framework;

Type: Monumental sculpture;

Process: Construction / assembling;

Style: Neoclassical.

Unique Forms of Continuity in Space

Artist: Umberto Boccioni;

Material: Originally bronze;

Type: Freestanding sculpture;

Process: Casting;

Style: Futurism.

Fountain

Date: 1917; Artist: Marcel Duchamp; Material: Porcelain urinal; Type: Readymade / found object; Style: Dada.

Spiral Jetty

Date: 1970; Artist: Robert Smithson; Material: Mud, salt crystals, rocks, and earth; Type: Earthwork / Land art; Process: Construction / earth moving; Style: Land Art.

The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living

Date: 1991; Artist: Damien Hirst; Material: Preserved tiger shark in formaldehyde; Type: Installation / conceptual sculpture; Process: Preservation / installation; Style: Young British Artists / Conceptual Art.

The True Artist Helps the World by Revealing Mystic Truths

Date: 1986; Artist: Bruce Nauman; Material: Neon; Type: Installation / text-based sculpture; Process: Fabrication; Style: Conceptual Art.

modeling

An additive process whereby the sculptor builds up a soft, malleable material (clay, wax, plaster) by adding and shaping it.

Carving

A subtractive process whereby the sculptor starts with a solid block of material (marble, wood) and removes material - cutting, chiseling, or grinding away - until the desired form emerges

Assemblage

 A combinative process whereby the sculptor joins together separate, often preexisting objects or materials - wood, metal scraps, found objects - into a single unified work.

Casting

A liquid material (usually molten metal, like bronze) is poured into a mold and allowed to harden, producing a solid copy of a model.  This process allows the same sculpture to be reproduced multiple times. 

sculpture in the round

 (Freestanding) – The sculpture is fully three-dimensional and meant to be viewed from all sides

relief

 Sculpture attached to, and projecting from, a backing wall or panel

• Bas-relief (low) - slight - barely emerges from the surface

• Alto-relief (high) - substantially emerges, sometimes partially in-the-round

• Sunken relief - design is carved into the surface rather than projecting from it