Matter

What is the definition of Matter?

Matter is anything that occupies space and has weight.

What is Chemistry?

Chemistry is the scientific study of matter and the physical and chemical changes matter undergoes.

Organic vs. Inorganic Chemistry

1. Organic Chemistry: Study of matter that is now living or was alive at one time, with carbon present.

2. Inorganic Chemistry: Study of matter that is not alive, has never been alive, and does not contain carbon (e.g., rocks, minerals).

What are the three basic forms of Matter?

1. Solid: Definite weight, volume, and shape (Example: Skin).

2. Liquid: Definite weight and volume but no definite shape (Example: Lotions).

3. Gas: Definite weight but indefinite volume and shape (Example: Oxygen).

Physical Change vs. Chemical Change

1. Physical Change: A change in physical characteristics without creating a new substance (e.g., freezing water or shredding paper).

2. Chemical Change: A change in a substance that creates a new substance with different chemical characteristics (e.g., iron changing to rust/oxidation).

What are Elements?

Elements are basic, pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances. There are 118 known elements.

What are the COHNS elements?

Certain elements involved in the formation of skin, hair, and nails: Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Sulfur.

Parts of an Atom

1. Protons: Positive electrical charge (+$比$); the number identifies the type of atom.
2. Neutrons: No electrical charge (neutral); found in the nucleus of most atoms.
3. Electrons: Negative electrical charge (−$$); allow atoms to unite and form bonds.

Stable vs. Unstable Atoms

An atom is Stable if its outer shell is not missing any electrons (electrically neutral). Unstable Atoms seek other atoms to share electrons with to complete their outer shell.

Molecule vs. Compound

1. Molecule: Two or more atoms joined together by a chemical bond (can be the same type of atoms).
2. Compound: A substance formed by chemically uniting two different elements.

Oxidation and Reduction

1. Oxidation: A substance loses an electron and oxygen is acquired.
2. Reduction: A substance gains an electron and oxygen is released.

Name the three major biochemical compound groups.

1. Proteins: Used to construct and renew the body; made of amino acids.
2. Carbohydrates: Used to store energy and play a key role in metabolism; made of saccharides.
3. Lipids: Fill intercellular spaces in the skin (intercellular cement); includes fats and steroids.

What are Amino Acids and Peptide Bonds?

Amino acids are compounds of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen that join in chains to form Proteins. A Peptide Bond is the bond uniting two amino acid groups.

True or False: Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe.

True. (Oxygen is the most abundant element in the earth's crust).