AICE Euro: LIberalism & Unification of Germany

Metternich

Austrian foreign minister who basically controlled the Congress of Vienna. Wanted to promote peace, conservatism, and the repression of libaral nationalism throughout Europe.

Bismark

forms alliance with austria. Prussia and Austria go to war against Denmark. Win two border provinces in north.

Louis Napoleon/ Napoleon III of France

became emperor in France. was a strong ruler and built railroads, encouraged industrialization and promoted programs of public works. France experienced true prosperity and unemployment decreased.

Kaiser William I of Germany

tough-minded-replaced the unstable Frederick William IV as regent in 1858 and became king himself in 1861-became convinced of the need for major army reforms-wanted to double the size of the highly disciplined regular army-bigger defense budget and higher taxes-called on Count Otto von Bismarck to head a new ministry and defy parliament

Congress of Vienna

Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon I.

Revolutions of 1848

Democratic and nationalist revolutions that swept across Europe. The monarchy in France was overthrown. In Germany, Austria, Italy, and Hungary the revolutions failed. (p. 595)

Dual Monarchy (Austria-Hungary-I)

constitutional monarchic union. dual monarchy existed for 51 years until it dissolved on 31 October 1918 before a military defeat on the Italian front of the First World War. as between the house of Hapsburg and the separate Hungarian government

Autocracy

a political theory favoring unlimited authority by a single individual

Nationalism

the doctrine that nations should act independently (rather than collectively) to attain their goals

Nation-state

A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality

Reich

German realm

Zollverein

Prussian economic union, removed tariff barriers between German states, in step toward political unity

Realpolitik

politics based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations

Kaiser

the title of the Holy Roman Emperors or the emperors of Austria or of Germany until 1918

Wars of Unification

three major wars contributed to German unification under application of realpolitik

Franco-Prussian War

Set up by Otto Von Bismarck, war was declared July 19, 1870. In January 1871, Palace of Versailles was captured and Wilhelm I was named Kaiser. This empire was called the Second Reich.

Junker

This was the established landowning class of Prussia from whom the officer corps was selected for the Prussian Army. It was very conservative and resistant to liberal reforms which might upset their status. Bismarck was originally from this class in the old Brandenburg region, east of the Elbe.

Conservative

conforming to the standards and conventions of the middle class

Liberal

a person who favors a political philosophy of progress and reform and the protection of civil liberties

Radical

favoring extreme changes, especially in politics and government

Frankfurt Parliament

Unsuccessful attempt to unify Germany. Participants argued amongst themselves too much

Kleindeutschland

Little Germany. Wants union with Prussia.

Grossdeutschland

The term for the goal of a larger united Germany (one which included Austria). Always difficult because of Prusso-Austrian rivalry.

War of Denmark 1864

dispute over the duchies of Schleswig-Holstein

Helmuth von Moltke

Chief of the general staff under Bismarck

Otto von Manteuffel

Prime minister of Prussia from 1850-1858, conservative who wanted to strengthen the bonds between the monarchy and his people

Burschenschaften

student societies in the German states dedicated to fostering the goal of a free, united Germany

Schleswig-Holstein crisis

A desire for success abroad lead to this. It was a short war against Denmark to gain these providences

Treaty of Prague

Ended Seven Week's War. Austria relinquished Holstein to Prussia and Venetia to Italy. Germany states that had sided with Austria were also penalized...

Ems Telegram

The carefully edited dispatch by Bismarck to the French ambassador Benedetti that appeared to be insulting and thus requiring retaliation by France for the seeming affront to French honor.

Carlsbad Decrees

1819, it discouraged liberal teachings in southern Germany. Censorship imposed by Metternich.

Humiliation of Olmutz

(1850) Prussian ministers signed an agreement with their Austrian counterparts; Prussia was forced to accept Austrian dominance