Chapter 10 Biology-McGraw Hill Notes

Yy plants

The ________ produce two types of gametes- male and female- each with either the Y or y allele.

Mendel

________ noticed that certain varieties of garden pea plants produced specific forms of a trait, generation after generation.

yellow seed plant

A(n) ________ could be homozygous or heterozygous for the trait form.

outward expression

The observable characteristic or ________ of an allele pair is called the phenotype.

allele

A(n) ________ is defined as an alternative form of a single gene passed from generation to generation.

bread wheat

Commercially grown ________ (6n), oats (6n), and sugar cane (8n) are polyploid crop plants.

Polyploidy

________ is the occurrence of one or more extra sets of all chromosomes in an organism.

self fertilization

To prevent ________, Mendel removed the male organs from the flower of the yellow- seed plant.

Chromosomes

________ contain multiple genes that code for proteins.

phenotypic ratio

The ________ is 3: 1- yellow seeds to green seeds.

dominant trait

Tongue- rolling ability is a(n) ________, which can be represented by T. Suppose both parents can roll their tongues and are heterozygous (Tt) for the trait.

Punnett squares

________ make it easier to keep track of the possible genotypes involved in a cross.

Polyploid plants

________, such as the ones shown in Figure 16, often have increased vigor and size.

garden peas

In ________, round seeds (R) are dominant to wrinkled seeds (r), and yellow seeds (Y) are dominant to green seeds (y)

Mendel

If ________ crossed homozygous yellow, round- seed pea plants with homo- zygous green, wrinkle- seed pea plants, the P cross could be represented by YYRR × yyrr.

Mendel

________ called the green- seed plant and the yellow- seed plant the parent generation- also known as the P generation.

Mendel

Once ________ established inheritance patterns of a single trait, he began to examine simultaneous inheritance of two or more traits in the same plant.

Mendel

The study of genetics, which is the science of heredity, began with ________, who is regarded as the father of genetics.

The phenotypic ratio is 3

1-yellow seeds to green seeds

genetics

the science of heredity

allele

an alternative form of a single gene passed from generation to generation.

dominant

the trait that appeared in the F1 generation

recessive

the form of the trait that was masked in the F1 generation

homozygous

An organism with two of the same alleles for a particular trait

heterozygous

An organism with two different alleles for a particular trait

genotype

The organism’s allele pairs

phenotype

The observable characteristic or outward expression of an allele

Mendel’s Law of Segregation

the two alleles for each trait separate during meiosis.

hybrids

heterozygous organisms

monohybrid

A cross such that involves hybrids for a single trait

The Law of Random Assortment

a random distribution of alleles occurs during gamete formation.

punnett square

predicts the possible offspring of a cross between two known genotypes; makes it easier to keep track of the possible genotypes involved in a cross.

gene recombination

The new combination of genes produced by crossing over and independent assortment

polyploidy

the occurrence of one or more extra sets of all chromosomes in an organism