chemistry full review

What happens to electrons in electron shells closest to the nucleus?

They have the least amount of energy.

What types of bonds occur between a non-metal and a metal?

Ionic bonds.

What happens to the atomic radius when there are more electron shells?

It becomes larger.

What are ions?

Atoms with a charge due to the loss or gain of electrons.

How many protons are in an atom?

They equal the number of electrons.

What are the three subatomic particles that make up an atom?

Protons, neutrons, and electrons.

What defines isotopes?

Different forms of the same element with the same number of protons and different numbers of neutrons.

What is a compound?

Two or more elements bound together in a fixed proportion.

What is the difference between a mixture and a compound?

A mixture is mechanically bonded, whereas a compound is chemically bound.

What does a structural formula indicate?

The location of chemical bonds between the atoms in a molecule.

What is a molecular formula?

It specifies the types and numbers of atoms present in a molecule.

What is decomposition in chemistry?

A chemical reaction that breaks down a single compound into simpler substances.

What are the two categories of compounds?

Ionic and molecular.

What characterizes ionic bonds?

They involve the transfer of electrons between atoms.

What characterizes molecular bonds?

They are formed when atoms share electrons through covalent bonds.

What happens when bonds form?

Energy is released.

What happens when bonds break?

Energy is absorbed.

What is the atomic number of an element?

It is the number of protons in an atom.

How is solution concentration measured?

By molarity (M), parts per million (PPM), and parts per billion (PBM).

What occurs during a combustion reaction?

Chemical bonds are broken, releasing heat.

What are intermolecular forces?

The attractive and repulsive electrostatic interactions between molecules.

What defines an ideal gas?

High temperature and low pressure.

What is Avogadro's Law?

Equal volumes of gases contain the same number of molecules.

What occurs in a chemical reaction?

The rearrangement of atoms and molecules resulting in new substances with different chemical properties.

What is the approximate mass of an atom?

The sum of protons and neutrons.

Which atom forms the most polar bond with hydrogen?

Fluorine.

Why does fluorine attract electrons strongly?

Because it is the most electronegative element.

What affects bond polarity?

The difference in electronegativity between two atoms.

What is matter?

A substance that can be a single element or a combination of multiple substances.

What happens to the freezing point of a solution with more ions?

The freezing point decreases.

What is solute and solvent in a solution?

Solute is what is dissolved, and solvent is what dissolves.

What is the nature of solutions?

Solutions are homogeneous mixtures.

What is entropy?

A measure of disorder or randomness in a system.

What is required for chemical reactions to occur?

Reactants must collide with sufficient energy and the right orientation.

What effect does larger surface area have on reaction rates?

It increases the speed of the reaction.

What is the formula for heat of reaction?

(PEproducts) - (PEreactants).

What must be true about the number of electrons in a redox reaction?

The number of electrons gained must equal the number of electrons lost.

What is reduction in a chemical context?

A process where a substance gains electrons, decreasing its oxidation number.

What happens in an electrolytic cell?

Electrical energy is converted into chemical energy.

What is oxidation?

The loss of electrons.

What is a voltaic cell?

A device that converts chemical energy to electrical energy.

Describe a synthesis reaction.

It's a reaction where two or more substances combine to form a new compound.

What does stoichiometry deal with?

The calculation of reactants and products in chemical reactions.

What is the ideal gas law equation?

PV = nRT.

What is molarity?

Concentration measured in moles per liter (mol/L).

What is the primary behavior of acids?

They donate H⁺ ions.

What do bases tend to do in a chemical reaction?

Donate OH⁻ or accept H⁺ ions.

What is calorimetry used to measure?

The heat changes associated with chemical reactions.

What is Le Chatelier's Principle?

When a system at equilibrium is disturbed, it shifts to counteract the disturbance.

What is redox reaction's role in chemistry?

Involves oxidation and reduction processes.

What is the process of balancing redox reactions?

Ensuring mass and charge are conserved in the reaction.