unit 4 world new

Tanzimat Reforms

A set of reforms in the Ottoman Empire to create a more centralized, secular government

Secular

Non-religious

Crimean War

(1853-1856) Russian war against Ottomans for control of the Black Sea; intervention by Britain and France cause Russia to lose; Russians realize need to industrialize.

Decembrist Uprising

unsuccessful 1825 political revolt in Russia by mid-level army officers advocating reforms.

Meiji Restoration

the modernization and industrialization of Japan in the 1800's

Emancipation of serfs in Russia

Tsar Alexander II ended rigorous serfdom in Russia in 1861; serfs obtained no political rights; required to stay in villages until they could repay aristocracy for land.

Alexander II of Russia

Made reforms to modernize Russia, assassinated, replaced by Alexander III.

Russification

the process of forcing Russian culture on all ethnic groups in the Russian empire, under Alexander III

Suez Canal

A ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea

Westernization

An adoption of the social, political, or economic institutions of Western—especially European or American—countries. Usually includes industrialization

Panama Canal

Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States, it opened in 1915.

Opium War

a conflict between Britain and China, lasting from 1839 to 1842, over Britain's opium trade in China. China was unsuccessful and had to sign a series of unequal treaties

Janissaries

Christian boys taken from families, converted to Islam, and then rigorously trained to serve as a military elite

Treaty of Nanjing

1842, ended Opium war, said the western nations would determine who would trade with china, so it set up the unequal treaty system which allowed western nations to own a part of chinese territory and conduct trading business in china under their own laws; this treaty set up 5 treaty ports where westerners could live, work, and be treated under their own laws; one of these were Hong Kong.