First Unit Test

Integumentary System

Function: Protects against environmental hazards, regulates body temperate, & provides sensory information.

Organs: skin, hair, sweat glands, nails.

Skeletal System

Function: Provide support for other tissues, stores calcium and other minerals, form blood cells

Organs: Bones, Cartilages, Associated ligaments, bone marrow

Muscular System

Function: Provides movements, support for other tissues, generates heat that maintains body temperate

Nervous System

Function: Directs immediate responses to stimuli, coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems, provides & interpret sensory information of other organ systems

Major Organs: Brain, Spinal cords, peripheral nerves, sense organs

Endocrine System

Functions: Directs long-term changes, adjusts metabolic activity and energy, controls changes in development

Organs: Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, endocrine tissues

Cardiovascular System

Function: distributes blood cells, water and dissolved minerals, oxygen, and carbon dioxide; distributes heat assists in control of body temperature

Major Organs: heart, blood, blood vessels

Lymphatic System

Functions: defend against infection, return tissue fluids to the bloodstream

Organs: spleen, thyroid, lymphatic vessels, tonsils

Respiratory System

Function: delivers air to alveoli (lungs), provides oxygen to bloodstream, removed CO2, produces sound for communication

Major Organs: nasal cavities, sinuses, bronchi, lungs, alveoli

Digestive System

Function: processes food , absorb water and nutrients, store energy

Major Organs: teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small & large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

Urinary System

Function: Gets rid of waste from blood, control water balance from urine made, stores urine, regulates blood ph

Major Organs: Kidney, uterus, urinary bladder, urethra

Male Reproductive System

Function: produces se cells

Major organs: testes, epididymides, seminal vesicles, penis, scrotim

Female Reproductive System

Function: Produce se cells, embryo development, provide milk for newborn

Major Organs: Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, labia, mammary glands

Macroscopic (Gross)

the study of large body structures that are visible to the naked eye without using a microscope

Microscopic Anatomy

cytology (cell structure), histology (tissues)

The principle and complementary of structure and function

Specific functions are performed by specific strictures and form strictures related to function

Six Levels of Organization of the Human Body

Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism

Anterior

toward the front

Posterior

toward the back

Superior

toward the top/hear

Inferior

toward the bottom

Medial

toward the midline

Lateral

away form midline

Median

On the midline

Supine

Laying face up

Prone

laying face down

Superficial

Closer to the surface

Deep

Farther from surface

Proximal

Closer to a reference point

Distal

Farther from reference point

Reference Point

Where attached to trunk

• Wrist compared to digits is proximal

Sectional Anatomy

• A section is a slice through a 3-D object

• Allows us to visualize internal organization

Sectional Plane

A view along the flat surface resulting from making s sectional cut

Sagittal Plane

A vertical plane that divides body into right & left portions

Midsagittal

On midline & symmetrical pieces

Parasagittal

Off-center, unequal right & left

Transverse Plane

Horizontal plane that divides the body into superior & interior positions

Frontal (AKA Coronal) Plane

Vertical plane that divides the body into anterior & posterior portions

Body Cavities of the Trunk

• Closed, fluid-filled spaces, lined with a thin serous membrane that secreted fluid

• Constrain the internal organs of the tank

• Protect & allows growth of the organs

parietal

lines cavities

visceral

covers organs

Thoracic Cavity

• upper region of trunk

• separated from lower abdominal pelvic cavity by diaphragm

• subdivided into R & L

• Pericardial cavity (heart)

Homeostasis

Continuous physiological processes that establish a relatively stable internal environment

Homeostatic Regulatory Mechanism

1. Receptor - sensor that detects the stimulus or change

2. Control center - reccioeves & processes information & sense of command

3. Effector - a cell of orange that carries out commands of control center

Negative Feedback

Type of regulation that opposes variation from normal

(temp, blood sugar, blood ph)

Positive Feedback

Type of enhances variation from normal

Abdominopelvic Cavity

• Lower region of trunk, separated from upper thoracic cavity by diaphragm, subdivided int abdominal cavity (digestive organs)

• peritoneal activity, abdominal cavity, pelvic activity

Frontal

Forehead

Cranial

Skull

Facial

FaceCe

Cephalic

Head

Oral

Mouth

Mental

Chin

Axillary

Armpit

Brachial

ArmA

Antecubital

Front of elbowA

Antebrachial

Front of elbow

Carpal

wrist

palmar

palm

pollex

thumb

digits

fingers/toes

patellar

kneecap

crural

leg

tarsal

ankle

hallux

big toepe

pedal

foot

femoral

thighp

pubic

pubis

inguinal

groinm

manual

hand

pelvic

pelvis

umbilical

navel

abdominal

abdomen

mammary

breast

thoracic

thorax, chest

cevical

neck

buccal

cheek

otic

ear

ocular. orbital

eye

nassal

nose