APUSH AP review

Chesapeake colonies (geography, society, etc)

high temp, swampland, “starving time” in which John SMITH helps save, John Rolfe: introduces tobacco which is an important cash crop —> need for indentured servants and slaves, House of Burgesses 1619 (representative assembly)

Bacon’s Rebellion 1676

Bacon led a group of indentured servants angered because they did not receive land they were promised. Raided Native land and then wealthy Virginian planters

New England (geography, society, etc)

Rocky, colder, limited farming, more harbors/ports meaning it was better for fishing, close knit communities, relgious communities, MAYFLOWER COMPACT 1620: promised a gov. of just and equal laws for the good of the colony, town meetings

John Peter Zenger Trials 1735

seditious libel - if found guilty of basically speaking in opposition to the government, they would be put on trial/arrested

Albany Congress 1754

discuss better relations with the Indians and a common defense against the French

Navigation Acts 1651

Britain declared colonies must trade with Britain and ships trading with other countries must pay taxes

Pontiac’s Rebellion 1763

Ottawa tribe rebels against increased British expansion in the Great Lakes

proclamation of 1763

forbade american colonists from moving west of the Appalachian mountains and was the first series of British laws to restrict colonists. (IGNORED)

Writs of Assistance 1761

authorized customs officials to search any ship or building where smuggled goods might be hidden but did not require any probable cause/warrant.

Admirality Courts 1764

Those accused were presumed guilt and had to prove their innocence. C

Stamp Act Congress

declared no taxation without representation

Commitees of Coresspondance 1772-73

warn neighboring colonies about incidents with Britain and broaden the resistance movement

First Continental Congress 1774

“How to respond to the Coercive Acts and the Quebec Act?”

Advantages of British in American Revolution

strong navy

professional army

good factoriesa

Advantages of Americans in American Revolution

familiar with the territory

fighting for their homes

alliance with France

guerilla war

women played signficnat role

disadvantages of British in American revolution

unfaimliar with territory

lower pay —> fewer soldiers

disadvantages of Americans in American revolution

small navy

no profressional army

diffcultly financing

colonies were not unified

Battle of Saratoga 1777

leads to alliance with France

Treaty of Paris 1783

officially ended the American revolution, with Britain recognizing the colonies (America) as an aactual, independant nation

Articles of Confederation (economic)

No ability to tax

no regulation of interstate commerce

no common currency

states fall behind in requested taxes

Articles of Confederation (foreign affairs)

states didnt have to abide by treaties made by central government, rendering them useless

ineffective in resolving disputes w/ Britain

no power to raise an army/navy unless all states agreed to pay for it

Articles of Confederation (political structure)

One chamber Congress (1 vote/state)

no executive or judiciary branch

congress could not request funds but not tax without approval from all

Shay’s Rebellion 1786

farmers from massechusetts were angered after fighting in the American rev. to come back to endless debt, which was worsened by recent taxes by the British and bank foreclosures. Because the AOC lacked a federal army, Massechusetts had to summon their state militia.

Pointed out the flaws of the AOC

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

designated the area North of the Ohio River Valley as the Northwest territory and provided for later division into these states as population increased.

also banned the spread of slavery into this territory

The great compromise

bicameral legislature

Virginia: representation by population

NJ: Equal for each state

Slave Trade compromise

congress could regulate interstate commerce, but could not interfere with slave trade until 1808.

Federalism

a sharing of power between the federal and state government

bill of rights

limits the power of the federal government

Hamilton’s economic plan

1. National Bank: constitution does not authorize a national bank but Hamilton argues based on the ELASTIC CLAUSE

2. tariffs: proposed an 8% tariff to provide revenue and protect infant industries

3. National debt: assumes all state debt and basically turns it into a national debt.

Whiskey Rebellion

Farmers oppose whiskey tax in pennsylvania. state militia summoned by Washington.

This event showed the authority of the new government under the new consitution

Impact of French Revolution

1. Declaration of Rights of Man

2. Washington issues the Neutrality proclamation of 1793 which declared that the US would not be involved.

3. Britain refuses to remove forts from NW territory and begins to IMPRESS US sailors.

4. Jay’s Treaty

Pinkney’s Treaty 1795

in response to Jay’s Treaty, Spain, fearful of a possible US and British alliance, gives the US free navigation of the Mississippi and territory North of Florida.

Washington’s farewell address 1796

warns the danger of faction and political parties, as well as the entanglement of alliances with Europeans.

In support of Isolationism

Federalist policies and beliefs

strong central gov’t

loose constructionists

Elastic clause/NATIONAL BANK

supported Britain

Democratic republicans

weak central gov’t

strict contructionists

reserve clause/ 10TH AMENDMENT

supported France

Who won the Election of 1796?

John Adams, a Federalist

XYZ Affair 1797

French, angered by Jay’s Treaty, began seizing US ships. Adams sent an envoy to France, but French demanded bribes before negotiating.

US englarges Navy, raises an army, and creates the marines

Alien and Sedition act

Alien: raises residence requirement from 5 to 14 years; presidnet could deport aliens in time of war

Sedition: anyone who impeded the policies of the government or falsely defamed its officials would receive fine or prison time

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions 1798

argued that states had the right to determine if laws were unconstitutional and that states could nullify laws that they deemed to be no good.

Who won the election of 1800?

thomas jeffersonM

Marbury v. Madison 1803

expanded the power of the Supreme Court by assuming the power of Judicial review.

McCulloh v. Maryland 1819

Declared that a national bank was consitutional

gibbens v. Ogden 1824

only the national government was allowed to regulate interstate commerce

Worcester v. Georgia 1832

ruled that cherokee could not be removed unless they agreed to go and were compensated.

Lousiana Purchase 1803

US initially offers $10 million for New Orleans and Eastern land, but French counteroffer $15 million all of Lousiana territory and New orleans

Embargo act of 1807

Since the US had no hope of defeating Britain or France, a decision is made to boycott all worldwide trade.

Devastates US economy, and right before Jefferson leaves office, this act is replaced with the NONINTERCOURSE ACT 1809 which restores worldwide trade with all nations except Britain and France

Macon’s Bill 1810

restored trade with all countries, BUT promised to restore trading with Britain and France if the other ended their restrictions on US shipping.

Treaty of Ghent 1814

ended the war of 1812 and restored pre-war borders

hartford convention 1814-15

Sought amendments to require a 2/3 vote before Congress could insitute an embargo, before new states could be admitted, and before war could be declared!

Tarriff of 1816

to protect manufacturing

Era of Good Feelings

• when Madison leaves and Monroe enters

• new sense of nationalism develops

• federalists begin to lose support

The AMerican System

• tarriff protection for new industries that provides revenue to the federal government (tarriff of 1816)

• internal improvement to link the east and the west

• creation of the 2nd national bank of the US

Tallmadge Amendment 1819

gradual emancipation for children of slaves

Missouri Compromise 1820

Missouri was now a slave state, Maine was a new state that was free. Territories north of the 36’ 30 parallel line would be free

Monroe Doctrine 1823

Warns Europeans to not try to colonize the western hemisphere

Corrupt Bargain of 1824

People believe that their choice, Andrew Jackson, had the election of 1824 stolen from him by John Quincy Adam’s and Henry Clay

Tariff of Abominations 1828

45% high tarriff pushed to embarrass Adams.

South Carolina Exposition 1828

Declared states can nullify a law

Spoils System

Jackson gave supporters government jobs to reward them for their support

Nullification Crisis 1832

Southern state resistance to imposed protective on foreign goods

Tariff of 1832

Set tarriff rates at 35%. This was still high and upset the South. SC nullifies this tarriff

Force Bill 1833

Congress authorizes force to enforce the law and SC threatens succession

Election of 1836

Van Buren succeeds Jackson

Panic of 1837

Economic depression blamed on Jackson’s BANK WAR and the specie circular

William Lloyd Garrison 1831

THE LIBERATOR - asserted that blacks deserved the same rights as everyone else as set forth in the Declaration of Independence.

Texas declares independence 1836

Houston defeats Santa Ana and forces him to sign favorable treaty with border at Rio Grande. Jackson recognizes Texan independence on day before leaving office. Texas petitions for annexation in 1837.

Mexico infuriated by Texas annexation

Cuts off diplomatic relations with the US. US tries to buy California for 25 million. Polk basically instigates a conflict

Treaty of Guadalupe Hildago 1848

US gets Texas to California and one half of Mexico. Assumes mexicos debts to American citizens

Wilmont Proviso 1846

Proposed that all territory taken from Mexico be off limits to slavery - did not pass

Treaty of 1846

Oregon territory is divided with Britain

Compromise of 1850

California admitted as a free state

New Mexico and Utah decide slavery by popular sovereignty

Fugitive slave law 1850: slaves be returned if captured in the North

Abolition of slave trade but NOT in Washington DC

Kansas Nebraska Act 1854

Kansas would be free to become a SLAVE state and Nebraska would be free to become a FREE state. This shatters the Missouri Compromise

Bleeding Kansas

The south had supported the Kansas Nebraska act with the understanding that Nebraska was to be free and Kansas slave. But it was quickly realized that the North was trying to abolitionist Kansas and Nebraska.

Dred scott decision 1857

Dred Scott was a former slave who sued for freedom on the basis of his long residence on free soil.

Supreme Court ruled he was a slave and NOT A CITIZEN, therefore he could not sure on federal courts.

Supreme Court declared all African Americans were not citizens regardless of whether they were slave or free, slaves were property and could be taken into any territory as property, and Congress had no right to forbid slavery from any US territory.

Le Compton constitution 1857

Permitted a vote for statehood, but protected current slave owners regardless of the vote on slavery. The pro slavery people won.

Congress rejects Kansas statehood under this.

Kansas joins union as FREE STATE in 1861.

Lincoln - Douglas Debates 1858

Debated the extension of slavery into American territories. Douglas argued slavery by popular sovereingity (Freeport doctrine)

Crittenden Compromise 1860

Would have prohibited slavery in territories north of 36’30 line, but protected it south of that line.

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederate States of America

Northern strategy and goals in the Civil war

• Keep border states in union

• Isolate confederacy and blockade it with navy

• Liberate slaves to undermine southern economy

• Cut confederacy in half

• Take Richmond- the capital

Battle of Bull Run 1861

Stonewall Jackson Stands his ground. The confederates win the first battle of arms. South gains too much confidence with victory. North realizes the war will be long and hard

Antietam 1862

Deadliest one day battle in American history

• showed that the Union could stand against the confederate army

• Contributed to Lincoln’s issuing of the Emancipation Proclamation

Emancipation Proclamation

The slaves in confederate territory still in rebellion were free. But BORDER STATES slaves NOT FREE.

• shifts the goal of the civil war from restoring the Union to including abolition, weakening the confederacy, and freedom

Short term impact of the Emancipation proclamation

• Provides North with a unified goal

• Persuades Britain and other European nations to stay out of the conflict

• Does not free any slaves

Long term impact of the Emancipation Proclamation

• southern economy damaged

• 1865: 13th amendment which freed all the slaves

Battle of Gettysburg 1863

Ended confederate general Robert E. Lee’s ambitious second quest to invade the north and bring the civil war to a swift end

Appomattox 1865

Lee surrenders at the courthouse. End of civil war

Lincoln’s plan

Part of reconstruction

• lenient on South

• Pardon southerners who swear allegiance except leaders

• Allow them in as state if 10% of people take loyalty oath

Radical Republican Plan -wade Davis bill

• very harsh on the South

• Demanded a majority take oath in support of the union (50%)

• Lincoln pocket vetoed

Tenure of office act

Required president to secure the consent of the senate when firing a cabinent member.

Freedman’s bureau

To help freed slaves established by Lincoln

14th Amendment 1866

All people born in US are citizens and are entitled to equal protection of the law

15th amendment 1869

All men have the right to vote regardless of race

Compromise of 1877

South accepts HAYES as presidents of all federal troops would be withdrawn and they got federal money for railroad and harbor/bridge improvements

• ends reconstruction

Plessy v Ferguson 1896

Separate but equal

Machine politics

The use of powers of political office to persuade the people to re-elect the politicians in charge

Tammany hall

Boss tweed bribed and vote fraud Ed his way to reelection

Pendleton Act 1883

Requires federal workers to earn jobs by passing exams and demonstrating skills rather than by being appointed by whoever won the recent election

Monopoly

Single company produces the product therefore NO COMPETITION

Horizontal integration

Consolidating with competitors to monopolize a single market

Vertical Integration

Controlling all aspects of production of single product

• Carnegie steel