psychstats

a branch of mathematics that deals with collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of data

statistics

a process of gathering numerical information

collection

in form of tables and graphs

presentation

refers to the activity of describing the properties or behavior of data

analysis

has to be made based on the preliminary activities and other statistical methods

interpretation

includes methods of collecting, classifying, graphing, and averaging data with the objective of describing the properties or characteristics of the data on hand.

descriptive statistics

it is concerned with drawing conclusions or generalizations from organized data.

inferential statistics

the totality of all objects under study. If the number of objects in the given _______ is too large

population

is the method of getting a small part called sample from the population.

sampling

every item or person in the population has an equal chance to be drawn as part of the sample

simple random sampling

A technique where an arrangement in a particular manner be made first and the selection process follows considering every kth member of the population.

systematic random sampling

a technique where objects or persons are grouped into mutually exclusive groups

stratified random sampling

where elements in each stratum belong to the same classification

strata

• contrast to stratified random sampling

• entails minimal cost because it reduces distance to the sample elements, i.e., travel time is lessened

cluster probability sampling

does not rely upon random selection

non random sampling

the elements of the sample must meet all the predefined criteria or bases for selection

purposive sampling

the elements of the sample are selected at the convenience of the researcher. He may use a device or equipment or may interview any person he may find in any place

convenience sampling

there is no specific procedure in selecting the elements in the sample as long as the required number of sample is obtained

quota sampling

the selection of the elements is within the sound judgment of the researcher. It may be based upon the expertise or experiences of the researcher

judgement sampling

a characteristic or attribute of persons or objects, which assumes different values or labels

variable

The process of assigning the value or label of a particular experiment unit

measurement

used for the purpose of categorizing forms into groups

nominal

data are ranked from “bottom to top” or “low to high” manner

ordinal

possesses the properties of the nominal and ordinal levels. It does not have a stable starting point.

interval

data can be classified and placed in a proper order

ratio

the systematic process of gathering information from different sources to answer research questions, test hypotheses, or evaluate outcomes.

data collection

Data collected directly by the researcher for the specific purpose of the study.

primary data

Data collected by someone else but used by the researcher for analysis.

secondary data

Primary Data Collection Methods: Watching and recording behaviors, events, or situations.

observation

Primary Data Collection Methods; Asking questions to gather opinions, facts, or behaviors.

survey

Primary Data Collection Methods; Direct face-to-face, phone, or online questioning.

interview

Primary Data Collection Methods; Conducting controlled studies to test cause-and-effect relationships.

experiment

Primary Data Collection Methods; Involves administering standardized or researcher-made tests to measure knowledge, skills, attitudes, or aptitudes.

test methods

Primary Data Collection Methods; Uses charts, graphs, diagrams, or other visuals to present or collect data.

multiple visual representation

Factors to Consider in Data Collection; consistency of results when repeated.

reliability

Factors to Consider in Data Collection; accuracy in measuring what is intended.

validity

Factors to Consider in Data Collection; respecting privacy, consent, and confidentiality.

ethics

Factors to Consider in Data Collection; efficiency of method chosen.

cost and time