FIRST SEMESTER FINAL EXAM 2024

Renewable resource

A resource that can be replaced

Nonrenewable resource

A resource that cannot be replaced in a reasonable amount of time

Deforestation

destruction of forests

Smog

Haze caused by chemical reactions from pollutants in the air that form ozone

Greenhouse Gases

Gases in the atmosphere that trap heat. Examples - Carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor

Biodiversity

The total variety of all living organisms

Habitat fragmentation

Splitting ecosystems into pieces

Climate Change

A change in global or regional climate patterns due to human impact

Greenhouse effect

When the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere trap the heat to maintain Earth's temperature range

Ocean acidification

Chemical changes in the ocean as a results of carbon dioxide emissions - causing a sharp decline in populations of shelled organisms

Coral bleaching

coral expel their algae and turn white, and eventually die. Caused by the warming of the ocean and ocean acidification

Drought

Extended period of dry weather caused by a lack of snow and rain

Sustainability

The use of natural resources in such a way that does not cause long-term environmental harm

ecological footprint

the impact of a person or community on the environment, expressed as the amount of land required to sustain their use of natural resources.

Desertification

the process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or inappropriate agriculture.

Heterotroph

A living thing that needs to eat other living things for energy

Cellular Respiration

A process that makes ATP by breaking down glucose in the presence of oxygen

Mitochondria

The cell organelle where cellular respiration takes place

ADP

Molecule with only 2 phosphates that has very little energy

Carbon dioxide

Gas released by animals, after burning fossil fuels, fires, and factories and taken up by plants

Oxygen

Gas released by plants and taken up by animals

Thylakoid

saclike photosynthetic membranes found in chloroplasts. Where the light reaction happens

Stroma

fluid portion of the chloroplast; where the calvin cycle happens

quantitative

Data that is in numbers

qualitative

Data in the form of recorded descriptions rather than numerical measurements.

data

Facts, figures, and other evidence gathered through observations.

independent variable

The experimental factor that is changed; the variable whose effect is being studied.

dependent variable

The outcome factor; the variable that is measured or observed

hypothesis

A prediction that can be tested. Typically an If/Then statement

procedure

A way of organizing & writing detailed steps to complete the experiment.

conclusion

A summary based on evidence or facts collected in the experiment

experimental group

In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.

control group

the group that does not receive the experimental treatment.

Contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.

constants

A values that do not change and are the same for all of the tested groups

You water some plants with 4 different types of water (salt water, regular water, sugar water and distilled water). After a two-week period, the height of the plants is measured. What is the independent variable?

Type of water

You water some plants with 4 different types of water (salt water, regular water, sugar water and distilled water). After a two-week period, the height of the plants is measured. What is the dependent variable?

the height of the plants

Inside a greenhouse, maple trees are kept at 3 different humidity levels. These are left for 3 years. One tree is left outside in normal conditions. The heights of the trees are measured once a week. What is the independent variable?

humidity levels

Inside a greenhouse, maple trees are kept at 3 different humidity levels. These are left for 3 years. One tree is left outside in normal conditions. The heights of the trees are measured once a week. What is the dependent variable?

The height of the maple trees

Inside a greenhouse, maple trees are kept at 3 different humidity levels. These are left for 3 years. One tree is left outside in normal conditions. The heights of the trees are measured once a week. What is the control group?

The tree left outside in normal conditions

One tank of goldfish is fed the normal amount, which is once a day; a second tank is fed twice a day; and a third tank is fed four times a day during a six-week study. The fishes' body fat is recorded daily. What is the independent variable?

How much they are fed

One tank of goldfish is fed the normal amount, which is once a day; a second tank is fed twice a day; and a third tank is fed four times a day during a six-week study. The fishes' body fat is recorded daily. What is the dependent variable?

The fishes' body fat

One tank of goldfish is fed the normal amount, which is once a day; a second tank is fed twice a day; and a third tank is fed four times a day during a six-week study. The fishes' body fat is recorded daily. What is the control group?

The goldfish fed the normal amount

You decide to clean the bathroom. You notice that the shower is covered in a strange green slime. You decide to try to get rid of this slime by adding lemonade juice. You spray half of the shower with lemonade juice and spray the other half of the shower with water. After 3 days of "treatment", there is no change in the appearance of the green slime on either side of the shower. What is the independent variable?

lemonade juice

You decide to clean the bathroom. You notice that the shower is covered in a strange green slime. You decide to try to get rid of this slime by adding lemonade juice. You spray half of the shower with lemonade juice and spray the other half of the shower with water. After 3 days of "treatment", there is no change in the appearance of the green slime on either side of the shower. What is the dependent variable?

The appearance of slime

1) You decide to clean the bathroom. You notice that the shower is covered in a strange green slime. You decide to try to get rid of this slime by adding lemonade juice. You spray half of the shower with lemonade juice and spray the other half of the shower with water. After 3 days of "treatment", there is no change in the appearance of the green slime on either side of the shower. What is the control group?

the half of the shower that gets sprayed with water

What is the first step of the scientific method?

Make an observation and ask a question

What is the next step in the scientific method after you have made an observation and asked a question?

Create a hypothesis

What is the next step in the scientific method after you have made hypothesis?

Design an experiment

What is the next step in the scientific method after you have conducted an experiment?

collect data

What is the next step in the scientific method after you have analyzed data?

come to a conclusion

Independent Variable

The variable that is changed in an experiment

Dependent Variable

The variable that is measured in an experiment

Error

A mistake that could have been made during an experiment

Conclusion

The end results of the experiment and how the results relate to the hypothesis

Procedure

Steps involved in performing an experiment. (directions)

Experimental Group

In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment or the independent variable

X-Axis

Horizontal line of the graph

Y-Axis

Vertical line of the graph

Line Graph

A graph used to show how data changes over a period of time

Bar Graph

A type of graph used to compare data in categories or groups

Title

A detailed name for the graph

Labels

A name for the X and Y axis

Units

The value that something is measured in (Ex: grams, milliliters, centimeters) All numbers require this

Key

If a graph has two or more types of data, an illustration of what each line represents is needed. (different colors, shapes, or lines)

Graph

A visual display of information or data

Horizontal

Line at the bottom of the graph going left and right. This is the X-Axis

Vertical

Line on the side of the graph going up and down. This is the Y-Axis

Data Point

A point on a graph showing the location of a piece of data.

Ecology

The study of interactions between organisms and their environment.

Ecosystem

All of the organisms and the physical environment in the same area. (All biotic and abiotic factors)

Biotic Factor

Any living part of the environment. (ex: plants, animals, bacteria)

Abiotic Factor

Non living physical factors that shape an ecosystem. (ex: rocks, water, air, dirt)

Water Cycle

The process in which water is recycled between oceans, land, and the atmosphere.

Evaporation

Liquid to gas

Condensation

Gas to liquid

Transpiration

Evaporation from plants

Surface runoff

Water flowing off the land into bodies of surface water.

Seepage

Water leaking through soil into the groundwater

Groundwater

Water that is beneath Earth's surface

Precipitation

Rain, snow, sleet, hail

Food Chain

A series of steps in an ecosystem in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten.

Food Web

An network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships between the various organisms in an ecosystem. (Many food chains intertwined together)

Limiting factor/nutrient

Any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the existence, numbers, reproduction, or distribution of organisms.

Autotroph

An organism that produces its own food by capturing energy from the sun or chemicals. Also called a producer

Producer

An organism that produces its own food that is used by other organisms for energy. Also called an autotroph.

Photosynthesis

The process where autotrophs use sunlight energy is used to produce food.

Heterotroph

An organism that has to consume other living things for food. Also called a consumer.

Consumer

An organism that relies on other organisms for its energy and food. Also called a heterotroph.

Omnivore

An organism that eats both plants and animals

Herbivore

An organism that only eats plants.

Detritivore

Organism that feeds on decaying plant and animal remains and other dead matter.

Carnivore

An organism that only eats other animals.

Decomposer

Organism that breaks down organic matter.

Scavenger

Animals that consume the carcasses of other animals that have already died.

Autotroph

A living thing that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals to make its own food.

Photosynthesis

A process by which plants use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and sugar

Chlorophyll

A pigment in plants that absorbs red and blue light and reflects green

Chloroplast

A plant cell organelle where photosynthesis takes place

Reactants of Photosynthesis

Water, Carbon Dioxide, and Sunlight Energy

Products of Photosynthesis

Glucose and Oxygen