Medical Terminology Chapter 13 Blood systems

Plasma

The liquid part of the blood

Serum

plasma without clotting factors

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells, transport oxygen and remove co2

Leukocytes

While blood cells, fight infections

Thrombocytes

platelets, clot blood

Neutrophils

A type of white blood cell that is responsible for killing pathogens, formed from myelin stem cells

lymphocytes

Agranulocytes, control immune response; make antibodies to antigens

antibody

A protein that acts against a specific antigen

antigen

a toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies.

eosinophils

contain toxic compounds to defend against multicellular parasites

Basophils

Act in alergic reactions, developed in effector tissues called mast cells

mast cells

Cells that release chemicals (such as histamine) that promote inflammation.

Hematopoiesis

blood cell formation

phagocytes

neutrophils and macrophages

macrophages

Amoeboid cells that roam connective tissue and engulf foreign particles and debris of dead cells.

phagocytosis

a process where a cell engulfs solid particles to form a vesicle called a phagosome

Phagocytosis step 1

Attachment, the macrophages attach to a cell

Phagocytosis step 2

Ingestion, The bacterial cell becomes internalized

Phagocytosis step 3

Digestion, Lysosome breaks down cell

Phagocytosis step 4

Egestion, bacterial debris is eliminated

Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)

A autoimmune disorder where antibodies attack platelets due to mistaking them as viruses

purpura

multiple hemorrhages and accumulation of fresh blood under skin

petechiae

tiny pinpoint skin lesions/hemorrhages

Hemophilia

Excessive bleeding due to lack of plasma clotting factors

Hypercoagulation

Excessive coagulation due to abnormal blood vessels

Type A blood

A antigens on red blood cells and anti-B antibodies in the plasma

Type B blood

B antigens on red blood cells and anti-A antibodies in the plasma

Type AB

Both A and B antigens, no antibodies (universal donor)

Type O

no A or B antigens and both anti-A and anti-B antibodies (universal donor)

Anemia

Low levels of hemoglobin in the blood

iron deficiency anemia

anemia caused by inadequate iron intake

aplasmic anemia

Failure of blood cell production due to deficiency of hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow

Sickle cell

an abnormal red blood cell that has a crescent shape and an abnormal form of hemoglobin

Hemolytic Anemia

reduction in red blood cells due to excessive destruction

Pernicious anemia

lack of mature erythrocytes due to an inability to absorb vitamin B

Thalassemia

An inherited autosomal recessive blood disorder with the inability to produce enough hemoglobin

Hemochromatosis

An inherited autosomal recessive disorder causing excess iron in the blood requiring bloodletting

Hereditary spherocytosis

erythrocytes are less biconcave and fragile

biconcave

shape of red blood cells

Angiocytosis

Refers to increased variation is size of RBC

Anisochomasia

variation in color of red blood cells

poikilocytosis

presence of large, irregularly shaped red blood cells

Polycythemia vera

Increase in all blood cell numebers

granulocytosis

abnormal increase in granulocytes in the blood as a consequence of infections or leukemia

granulocytopenia

A deficiency in the number of granulocytes

Mononucleosis

infectious disease marked by increased numbers of mononuclear leukocytes and enlarged cervical lymph nodes

Leukemia

An increase in cancerous white blood cells

Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML)

rapidly progressive neoplasm of cells committed to the myeloid line of development

Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)

the most common form of leukemia in adults over 70 years of age; characterized by overproduction of lymphocytes

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)

Too many blood cells made in bone marrow

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)

abnormal numbers of relatively mature lymphocytes predominate in the marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen

multiple myeloma

malignant neoplasm of bone marrow

bleeding time

A medical test done to asses platelet function

erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

A measurement of the rate at which RBC settle to the bottom of a test tube

Aphaeresis

Separation of blood into a few components and removal of a select part of the blood

Autologous Blood transfusion

The collection of blood from a singular patient and refusion back into the same patient

Bone marrow Biopsy

microscopic examination of a core of bone marrow removed with a needle