BIOL 1030 final

Ecdysozoa includes phylums:

Nemotoda

Nematomorpha

Arthopoda

Cycliophora

Phylum Nematoda

diverse, abundant, ubiquitous

parasitic in plants and animals

free living in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial

longitudinal muscles only

Phylum nematoda includes

Turbatraix aceti

Enterobius verticordias

Ascaris lumbricoicoides

Necator americanum

Filarial worms

Flarial worms in Nematoda

Dirofilaria immitis

Wechereria bancrofti

Dracunculus medinensis

Onchocerca volvulus

Turbatraix aceti

vinegar eels

live and breed in unpasteurized cider vinegar with bacteria and yeast

feed on bacteria responsible for the conversion of apples to vinegar

Enterobius vermicularis

pinworm

prunritis ani

Ascaris lumbricoicoides

large, parasitic round worm

most common human parasite worm

15-35 cm adult

Asceriasis

Necator americanum

hookworm

Dirofibria immitis

dog heartworm

transmitted by mosquito

Wuchereria bancrofti

elephantiasis

transmitted by mosquitoes

Impairment of lymphatic system

abnormal enlargement of body parts causing pain, severe disability, and social stigma

dracunculus medinensis

Guinea worm disease

transmitted by water flea

extraction can take days to weeks

Onchocerca valvulus

transmitted by blackfly

can cause river blindness, prutitus, dermatitis, onchocercomata (subcutaeous nodules) and lymphodnopathines

Phylum Nematomorpha

gordian worms/horsehair worms

parasitic larve

non-feeding as adults

• vestigial digestive tract

Phylum Arthropoda

largest, most diverse of all phyla

>80% of described species

size range <.1mm to 7 ft

abundance and broad ecological distribution

rich fossil record

Tagmosis

body arrangement

tagmata

body parts

exoskeleton

complex cuticle

• protien + lipid + chitin secreted by epidermis

ecdysis

shedding/molting

exuvium

cast off skin

complex musculature

smooth striated muscle

Arthopod circulatory system includes:

open system, heart, arteries, hemocoel

respiration in arthopoda

cutaneous, gills, book gills lungs, trachea

ovipcrous

egg hatch after laying

ovoviviparous

egg hatch in body of parent

subphylum Trilobita

all extinct by end of Remain era (250 mill yrs ago)

tragmata-head

thorax-abdomen

3 lobed abdomen

branched (birmous) appendages

subphylum Chalicerata includes classes:

Merostomata

pysnogonida

arachnida

Subphylum Chelicerata

chelicerae

• ancestrally chelate (pair of scissors)

• but may have fangs

  • needle-like (can be venemous)

  • raptorial (seize prey)

pedipals

• 4 pr legs

• no antennae

• tagmosis

  • cephalothorax/prosoma and abdomen/opisthoma

chelicerae (subphylum chelicerata)

1st pair of appendages= major mouth parts

Pedipalps (subphylum chelicerata)

2nd pair of appendages

class Merostomata

horseshoe crabs Limulus Polyphemus

“living fossils”

simple, compound eyes

book gills

chelate chelicerae, pedipalp, and other chelate appendages

telson (tail)

Class Pychogonida

“sea spiders”

all marine

predators and external parasites on cnidarians

reduced abdomen, organs within legs

males carry eggs on modified legs (ovigers)

class Arachnida includes animals:

spiders, scorpions, mites, ticks, vinegarroons, tailless, whipscorpions, daddy-long-legs, pseudoscorpions

class Arachnida

most are predaceous (also parasites and detritivores)

some venomous

Class Arachnida includes orders:

Aracheae- spiders

Scorpiones- scorpions

Acari- mites

opiliones- daddy long legs

Order Araneaea

chelicerae= fangs with venom

• AL= black widow and brown recluse

silk produced from spinnerets

males mate with pedipalps

order scorpiones

chelate pedipalps

metastoma with sting

Vaejovis carolinensis- only local species

Order Acari

feed on shed human skin cells

humid environments

allergies to dust or dust mites

Order Opiliones

daddy long legs

not spiders

Subphylum Mandibulata includes:

super class: Pancrustacea

• subphylum: crustacea

• class insecta

superclass: myriopoda

• class: chilopoda

• class: diplopoda

subphylum crustacea

marine! freshwater and terrestrial

2 pr. antennae

branched appendages= biramous

mandibles (jaw like mouth parts)

tagmosis=cephalothorax and abdomen

crustacea

order: maxillopoda

ostracods, copepods, barnacles, etc.

crustacea

order: Malacostraca

isopods, amphipods, krill, decapods

Subphylum Uniramia

Uniramous appendages

• unbranched

mandibles (not chelicerae)

1 pr antennae

superclass: Myriapoda

many legs

c: chilopoda= cintipedes

c: diplopoda=millipedes

Class Chilopoda

“100 legs”

1 pair of legs/segment (15-77 segments)

predaceous: arthropods

vertebrates, invertebrates

poison claws, venomous

tagmosis: head and trunk

Class Diplopoda

“1,000 legs”

2 pr legs per diplosegment (40-400 pairs)

detritivores

repugnatrial glands

• release an offensive smell to repel enemies

class insecta

over 1 million described species

tagmosis= head and thorax and abdomen

0,1, or 2 pairs of wings

3 pairs of walking legs

Class insecta- ametabolous

egg- immature- adult

• little to no metamorphosis

silverfish, springtails, etc.

class insecta- heminetabolous

egg- nymph (or naiad)- adult

• incomplete metamorphosis- nymph has diff size, color, body proportions

bugs, grasshoppers, roaches, dragonflies, etc.

class insecta- holometabolous

egg- larva- pupa- adult (imago)

• metamorphosis

flies, beetles, wasps, butterflies, etc.

Big orders of class insecta

odonata

orthoptera

Hemiptera

coleoptera

Diptera

Hymenoptera

lepidoptera

order: odonata

dragonflies and damselfies

order orthoptera

grasshoppers, crickets, katydids

order hemiptera

“true bugs” aphids, water striders, stink bugs, cicadas, leaf hoppers

order coleoptera

beetles

order diptera

flies and mosquitos

order hymenoptera

bees, wasps, ants

order lepidoptera

butterflies and moths

lepidoptera anatomy

tagmosis: head, thorax, abdomen

lepidoptera head

sensory organs

1 pair of antennae

1 pair of compound eyes

sometimes ocelli

mouthparts

lepidoptera thorax

3 segment:

• 1 pair of walking legs per subsegment

• 2 pairs of wings on 2nd and 3rd segment

lepidoptera abdomen

digestion

spiracles (small holes) for respiration

reproductive organs (male/female)

phylum cycliophora

discovered in 1995

lobster mouth parasites

mouth ringed with cilia

complex life cycle with strange dwarf male

Phylum: Echinodermata

“spiny skin”

secondarily radically symmetric deuterostomes, coelomates

• larva are bilateral

all marine

pentamerous radial symm

endoskeleton formed of calcareous plates within integument= dermal ossicles

pedicellariae: dermal jaws

oral/aboral axis

little sensory development no head

Classes in Echinodermata

Asteroidea

Ophiuroidea

Echinoidea

Holothuroidea

Crinoidea

Class Asteroidea

sea stars, starfish, sea dasies

5 arms, or multiples of 5

most predatory

2 stomachs:

• cardiac

• pyloric- internal

tube feet within ambulacral groove

Pedicellariae

an arm and 1/5 of central disc can regenerate entire body

cardiac stomach

eversible: send out, digest, bring back in

Pedicellariae

dermal jaws

water vascular system

network of hydraulic canals branching int tube feet (ampulla and podium).

water flows into madreporite to stone canal to ring canal to ampulla to podium

sea daises

class Asteroidea

recently discovered, 3 species

deep ocean of New Zealand and Bahamas

live on submerged wood

simple structure

• small, disc shaped

• armless

• tube feet around periphery

• 5 sided organization

absorb nutrients through membrane surrounding body

Class Ophiuroidea

brittle stars/serpent stars, basket stars

largest class

central disc

long, slender arms

closed ambulacral groove

tube feet used in feeding and locomotion

• lacks flattened disk

• secretes adhesive chemical to grip substrates

grasp food with arms or filter feed

• suspension feeders; predators or scavengers

• bottom dweller: eat algae, plants, fish feces, plankton, mollusks, worms, small crustaceans

class Echinoidea

urchins, sand dollars, sea biscuits etc.

dermal ossicles fused called test

movable spines

• some urchins have venomous spines

Pedicellariae

no arms

omnivorous- eat algae, bryozoans, seaweed, marine plants, marine invertebrates, crustaceans, microbes

Class Holothuroidea

sea cucumbers, sea apple etc.

most benthic

produce dermal ossides

extend oral/aboral axis

some bilateral symm

spacious coelom

lack spines

5 radially arranged sections of tube feet

• around mouth, feet specialized into feeding tentacles

  • suspension or deposit feeders

  • eat plankton, particles, organic sediment

evisceration for defense (autotomy + regeneration)

Class Crinoidea

sea lilies and feather stars

ancient, changed little in 500 million years

arms with pinnules (branched)- pinnules trap food

mouth directed upwards- filter feeders

• sea lilies sessile- attached to substrate by stalk

• feather stars motile- crawl with arms

phylum Chordata “big 4”

notochord

dorsa tubular nerve chord

pharynx with gill slits

post anal tail

notochord

cartilaginous skeletal rod

pharynx with gill slits

vertebrates (not tetrapods/4 limbs): gills

tetrapods: pharyngeal arches that surround clefts, developed into ear, neck/head structures

post anal tail

can be reduced during embryonic development

Phylum Chordata includes:

subphylum: Urochordata

subphylum: Cephalochordata

subphylum: Vertebrata

• superclass: Agnatha

  • Myxini

  • Petromyzontida

• superclass: Gnathostomata

  • class: Chodrichthyes

  • class: Actinopterygii

  • class: Coelacanths

  • Amphibia

• superclass: Amniota

  • class: Reptilia

  • Class: Aves

  • Class: Mammalia

Subphylum: Unochordata

“notochord in tail”

tunicates/sea squirts

Unochordata larva

tadpole-like

water flows into pharynx through the mouth and out gill slits

tiny food particles are trapped in mucus and moved through gut

Subphylum: Cephalochordata

“notochord in head” (also tail)

Lancelets

subphylum vertebrata

Superclass: Agnatha

cartilaginous fish that lack jaws

Agnathans (Myxini)

Hagfish

detritovores (eat worms, dead/sick fish)

benthic marine

slime production- defense

flexible bodies, cartilaginous skeletons

mouth has tooth like formations made of keratin

Agnathans (Petromyzontida)

Lampreys

marine, freshwater

many are parasites on fish

ring of teeth on jawless mouth

superclass Gnathostomata

“jaw mouth”

sharks, ray-finned fishes, lobe-finned fishes, amphibians, reptiles (birds), mammals

forebrain enlargement: enhanced vison and smell

Superclass Gnathostomata

class: Chondrichthyes

cartilage fish

sharks, rays, skates ratfish

water enters through spiracles to irrigate gills

unique scales: placoid scales or dermal denticles

teeth are modified scales

most predacious

Superclass Gnathostomata

Clade: Osteichthyes

class: Sarcopterygii

“Boney fish”

primitive coelacanth

lobed-finned

muscular elements at base of fins resemble salamander

likely descendant from ancestor of all vertebrates

Superclass Gnathostomata

Clade: Osteichthyes

class: Sarcopterygii

Lung fish

lobe-finned

have both gills and lungs

freshwater

can survive several years in drought in an underground cacoon

Superclass Gnathostomata

Class: Actinopterygii

ray-finned fishes

over 27,000 species

single-loop circulatory system and a 2 chambered heart

Superclass Gnathostomata

Class: Amphibia

ectothermic and heterothermic= poikilothermic

can have a range of body temps

not cold blooded

3 clades of Amphibia

order: Anura

order: Caudata

Order: Gymnophiona

Class Amphibia

order: Anura

frogs and toads

mating in water

tadpole develops to form adult

gills and tail are resorbed, walking legs developed

Class Amphibia

order: Caudata

salamanders, newts, mud puppies, axolotls

axolotls retain larval gills as adult

Class Amphibia

Order: Gymnophiona

legless

nearly blind

tropical

burrow in moist soil

Class Mammalia includes orders:

Monotremata

Marsupial

Eutheria

Rodentia

Cetacea

Perissodactyla

Carnivora

Primates

Superclass: Amniota

animals that produce amniotic egg

amniotic egg: 4 membranes

Allantois: sac for waste

Chorion: gas exchange

Amnion: fluid filled cavity- cushions against shock

Yolk sac- nutrition

• albumen/egg white also nutrition

Superclass Amniota

class: Reptilia

terrestrial adaptation

dry scaly skin

lungs more efficient

membranes prevent desiccation and provide physical protection

class reptilia

order: Testudines

turtles, tortoises

backbone, ribs, sternum all fused to form shell

• carapace (top)

• Plastron (bottom)

• shell covered with skin and epidermal scales

• no teeth

• poor hearing