Pathophysiology Exam 1 Review

Flashcards for Pathophysiology Exam 1 Review, covering autosomal disorders, Down syndrome, shingles, skin rashes, inflammation, wound healing, immunity, cancer, infections, and environmental hazards.

List four examples of autosomal recessive disorders.

Cystic fibrosis, phenylketonuria, sickle cell anemia, and Tay-Sachs disease.

List four examples of autosomal dominant disorders.

Huntington chorea, adult polycystic kidney disease, familial hypercholesterolemia, and Marfan syndrome.

What genetic abnormality characterizes Down syndrome?

Trisomy 21 – 3 chromosomes instead of 2 in the 21st position.

List five physical characteristics of a person with Down syndrome.

Small head, round face, flat facial profile, large protruding tongue, small hands with single palmar crease, short stature, hypotonic muscles, loose joints.

What is the underlying cause of shingles?

Reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus in adults, appearing years after a primary chickenpox infection.

How does shingles typically present?

Painful blisters (lesions on skin) over a dermatome (single spinal nerve root), accompanied by burning and itching.

Name six potential causes of skin rashes.

Bacterial infection, chemical exposure, fungal infection, viral infection, allergy, autoimmune conditions, genetics, environment, lifestyle (food allergy).

What is the source of histamine in the inflammatory response, and what effects does it have?

Released from mast cells and basophils. Causes vasodilation, increased vascular permeability (edema), contraction of bronchiolar smooth muscle, and pruritus.

What is the primary function of interferon?

Proteins released by host cells in response to pathogens. They trigger protective defenses of the immune system to eradicate pathogens or tumors.

What are the primary effects of prostaglandins in the inflammatory response?

Vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, pain, and fever. They also potentiate the effects of histamine.

What are the main effects of leukotrienes in the inflammatory response?

Contraction of bronchiolar smooth muscle and promotion of inflammation. Later response: vasodilation and increased capillary permeability, chemotaxis.

What type of hypersensitivity reaction causes urticaria (hives)?

Type I hypersensitivity reaction, commonly caused by ingested substances such as shellfish, fruits, or drugs.

List three signs and symptoms of urticaria.

Eruption of hard, raised erythematous lesions on the skin, often scattered over the entire body, which are highly pruritic.

What is the primary cause of pressure ulcer development?

Skin breakdown from prolonged pressure on skin and tissue over a bony prominence, leading to compressed blood vessels and ischemia.

Name three factors that contribute to the development of pressure ulcers.

Poor nutrition, advanced age, and immobility.

Define hyperplasia and provide three examples.

Increased number of cells resulting in enlarged tissue mass. Examples include breast enlargement at puberty, skeletal system response to excessive growth hormone, and the liver's response to prolonged drug intoxication (alcohol abuse).

Define atrophy and provide three examples.

Decrease in the size of cells resulting in reduced tissue mass. Examples include decrease in size of leg after being in a cast, changes in the lower extremities of a paralyzed person, and a pressure area under a poorly fitting denture.

Define hypertrophy and provide an example.

Increase in cell size resulting in enlarged tissue mass. Examples include dramatic increase in muscle mass in an Olympic weightlifter.

Define metaplasia and provide an example.

Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type. Examples include changes in the respiratory tract of a smoker.

Describe healing by primary intention.

Margins are well approximated, and it is the fastest type of healing.

Describe healing by secondary intention.

Wounds have distant edges, and granulation tissue gradually fills the gap to close the wound.

What is primary prevention? Provide an example

Actions taken to prevent disease or injury before it ever occurs. Immunization against infectious disease, education about good nutrition, regular exercise, and dangers of drugs.

What is secondary disease? Provide an example.

Actions taken to find a disease early so that it can be treated promptly. Recommending regular exams and screening tests in people with risk factors.

What is tertiary prevention? Provide an example.

Actions taken to minimize the effects of long-term disease or disability. Rehabilitation programs or chronic pain management programs.

List four effects of cortisol release.

Anti-inflammatory effects, decreased immune response, catabolic effect on tissues, increased glucose in the bloodstream, slows functions not essential for fight or flight.

Describe three mechanisms for the spread of cancer (metastasis).

Via blood, lymph, or other fluids; local spread (invasion); Seeding (spread in body fluids or along membranes)

How is metastasis prevented through the lymph nodes?

Treating or removing the lymph nodes can prevent the spread to distant sites.

Differentiate between naturally acquired active and passive immunity.

Active: Pathogen enters the body and causes illness. Passive: Antibodies passed directly from mother to child (IgG via placenta, antibodies in breast milk).

Differentiate between artificially acquired active and passive immunity.

Active: Vaccine injected, no illness results. Passive: Antibodies injected (antiserum) to minimize severity of infection or provide temporary protection.

List four cardinal signs of inflammation.

Rubor (redness), calor (heat/warmth), tumor (swelling/edema), and dolor (pain).

How does inflammation lead to edema?

Burn injury causes an acute inflammatory response and release of chemical mediators, resulting in a major fluid shift, edema, and decreased blood volume.

Describe three outcomes in the body when histamine is released.

Immediate vasodilation, increased capillary permeability to form exudate, and irritation of nerve endings causing itching or mild pain.

Name six lab values that typically increase with inflammation.

WBC count (leukocytosis), differential count, plasma proteins, C-reactive protein, ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate), and cell enzymes.

Differentiate between regeneration, resolution, replacement, and scar formation in wound healing.

Regeneration: Damaged tissue replaced with functional cells. Resolution: Minimal tissue damage, cells recover. Replacement: Functional tissue replaced by scar tissue. Scar formation: Fibrous tissue formation, loss of function.

Give one example each of Type I, Type III, and Type IV hypersensitivity reactions.

Type I: Allergy to peanuts; Type III: Systemic lupus erythematosus; Type IV: Contact dermatitis from latex.

What does the 'I' in HIV stand for?

Immunodeficiency.

List two primary and two secondary immunodeficiency disorders.

Primary: HIV/AIDS, Hypogammaglobulinemia; Secondary: Kidney disease with loss of globulins, Hodgkin disease.

What are two ways infectious agents can be transmitted?

Direct contact, indirect contact, droplet transmission, aerosol transmission, vector-borne.

List the four stages of an infection and briefly describe each.

Incubation period: Time from initial contact to first symptoms. Prodromal period: Early development of the disease with nonspecific signs. Period of decline. Convalescent period: Patient responds to infection and symptoms decline.

List six potential complications of scar tissue formation.

Loss of function, contracture, adhesions, hypertrophic scar tissue, ulceration, impaired blood supply.

Name three examples of physical stress.

Pain, surgical procedure, exposure to heat or cold, accident, infections, illness, exercise.

Name four examples of psychological stress.

Taking a test, fear, ending a friendship, anxiety, loss of a family member, celebrating a happy occasion, searching for a job, financial challenges, new experiences.

List six environmental hazards.

Chemicals, heavy metals, acids/bases, inhalants, asbestos, pesticides.

Describe the progression of symptoms in hypothermia.

Shivering, numbness, lethargy, confusion, slower pulse and respirations, unresponsiveness, hypovolemic shock, cell necrosis.

List three factors that impact the body’s ability to maintain a normal temperature.

Extreme heat, age, exposure to cold, homelessness.

List three examples of a social determinant of health that can impact access to clean air and water.

Air pollution, family history of secondhand smoking, where a person lives or works (exposure to metals in water).

What are three signs and symptoms of heat exhaustion?

Dizziness, fainting, thirst, excessive sweating, rapid weak pulse, nausea/vomiting, pale skin.

What are three signs and symptoms of heat stroke?

Headache/confusion, elevated body temperature, no sweating, rapid strong pulse, nausea/vomiting, loss of consciousness.

State the function of IgG, IgA, IgE, and IgM immunoglobulins.

IgG: most abundant, crosses placenta; IgA: found in secretions; IgE: causes histamine release; IgM: first to increase in immune response.

What is Purulent drainage?

yellow drainage

What is Sanguineous drainage?

red drainage

List three phases of wound healing.

Inflammatory phase, proliferative phase, and remodeling phase.

Name three X-linked recessive and one X-linked DOMINANT disorder.

X-linked recessive: color blindness, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, hemophilia A; X-linked DOMINANT: Fragile X syndrome.

Name four multifactorial disorders.

Anencephaly, cleft lip and palate, clubfoot, and congenital heart disease.

Name four Chromosomal disorders.

Down syndrome, Monosomy X (Turner syndrome), Polysomy X (Klinefelter syndrome), Trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome)

Define Ischemia.

A decreased supply of oxygenated blood to a tissue or organ, due to circulatory obstruction.

Explain the Diagnostic tests to verify if a tumor is malignant.

The only way to confirm a cancer diagnosis is by taking a sample of the tumor so the cells can be examined using a microscope. The procedure to obtain the cells is called a biopsy

True or False: The body tears up as a specific defense during irritations

True: This is a non –specific, 2nd, line of defense.

What disorders may cause a type III hypersensitivity reaction?

Glomerulonephritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

Pathophysiology of anaphylaxis?

Severe, life-threatening, systemic hypersensitivity reaction resulting in decreased blood pressure, airway obstruction, and severe hypoxia due to the release of large amounts of chemical mediators from mast cells causing vasodilation and edema.

How to prevent infections

HAND WASHING

signs (SYSTEMIC) and symptoms if a person has an infection

fever, leukocytosis, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, fatigue, weakness, anorexia, headache, arthralgia

diagnostic test to determine Down syndrome

Amniocentesis: Extraction of amniotic fluid from the uterus and extraction of fetal tissue to test for chromosomal abnormalities by examining the karyotypes

Apoptosis

Refers to programmed cell death. Normal occurrence in the body