AP PYSCH UNIT 4 REVIEW

4.1 Attribution

assigning cause to something

4.1 using optimistic explanation, what would you attribute behavior to

circumstances

4.1 using pessimistic explanation, what would you attribute behavior to

personality

4.1 Internal/dispositional attribution

suggesting somebody behavior is a result of personality

4.1 External/Situation attribution

suggesting someones behavior is a result of external enviorment, luck etc

4.1 Actor observer bias

we judge ourselves differently than we judge other people

4.1 Fundamental Attribution error

more likley to blame others behavior on who they are as a person rather than circumstances

4.1 self serving bias

people take personal credit for their successes but blame external factors for their failures

4.1 relative deprivation

feeling of dissatisfaction that occurs when you percieve yourself as having less than you deserve compared to others

4.2 just world phenomenon

karma is real

4.2 belief perserverance

dont change mind no matter the evidence

4.2 confirmation bias

search for information that you are right

4.2 cognitive dissonance

we act to reduce discomfort we feel when our behaviors are inconsistent

4.2 out group homogenity bias

people see out group members similair but in group members as unique

4.2 in group bias

reserving positive feelings for in group members

4.2 ethnocentrism

judging other cultures based on only values and charicteristics of ones own culture

4.3 informational social influence

desire to make quick decisions and interpret situations correctly by looking at peoples behavior and opinions as source of information

4.3 normative social influence

driven by the desire to fit in, conforming to expectations and norms of the social group

4.3 central route to persuasion

deliberate, thoughtful processing based on logic, facts, and strong argument

4.3 peripheral route to persuasion

relies on emotions

4.3 halo effect

a shortcut for judgement using the peripheral route, processing through superficial cues rather than deep practicing

4.3 foot in the door

asking for a small favor before a big one

4.3 door in the face

asking for a big then small one

4.3 group polarization

opinions becoming stronger and more extreme after group discussion of likeminded people

4.3 groupthink

making bad decisions with a group because of the diffusion of responsibility

4.2 social loafin3

exerting less effort when working in a group because of the diffusion of responsibility

4.3 social facilitation

performance enhanced by prescence of others watching you perform

4.3 false consensus effect

tendency of individuals to overestimate the extent to which their beliefs, opinions, prefrences and behaviors are common and shared by others

4.3 superordinate goals

challenges that would benifit both groups and require two groups to cooperate with one another to complete a task

4.3 social trap

individuals,groups, and organizations act in their own self intrest, making choices that lead to negative outcomes

4.3 altrusim

a selfless behavipor performed out of concern for wellbeing of others

4.3 social reciprocity norm

individuals are more likley to help those who have helped them in the past

4.3 social responsibility norm

societal expectation to help those in need

4.3 social impairment

opposite of social facilitation, prescence of others leads to poorer performance

4.4 pyshcoanalysis

many of our thoughts and actions can be attributed to unconscious motives

4.4 preconcious

memories and info you can easily become aware of if you retrieve them

4.4 free association

method of exploring the unconcious where client speaks freely, allowing ideas to lead to others without regard for logic

4.4 the Id

constantly trying to satsify basic drives to survive and reproduce

4.4 Superego

internal belief on whats right and wrong, concerned with following social norms

4.4 Ego

rational, conscious part of personality that mediates between the id and the superego operating on the reality principle

4.4 Repression

reducing anxiety by blocking impulses/memories from conciousness

4.4 Regression

reduce anxiety by reverting to earlier period of development

4.4 Projection

anxiety producing feelings are repressed and placed on another person

4.4 Displacement

aggressive urges are shifted towards recipient other than one that caused feelings

4.4 Reaction Formation

defends against anxiety producig thoughts/impulses by transforming thoughts/impulses into opposite

4.4 rationalization

excuses created to justify unacceptable impulse

4.4 sublimation

person channels unacceptable urge into something with social value

4.4 projective tests

attempt to reveal the contents of the unconcious by getting people to verbally express unconcious issues in response to shapes/images

4.4 self actualizing tendency

desire to fufill ones full potential

4.4 unconditional positive regard

nonjudgemental acceptance of children w/o regard of behavior

4.4 how you achieve a healthy personality using the humanisitic approach

by using self actualization mixed with positive regard

4.5 reciprocal determinism

a persons behaviors enviorment and personal factors interacts to determine behavior

4.5 social cognitive theory

cognitive processes play an equal role to the enviorment to determine individuals personality and behavior

4.5 self concept

how someone views themself in relation to others

4.5 trait theory

personality is stable, as are behavior patterns, and motives

4.5 how is the trait theory differing from pyschodynamic theories

it focuses on how stable personalities are not the orgin

4.5 3 factors that develop personality according to reciprocal determinism

personal factors, environment, behavior

4.6 self determination theory - intrinsic

doing something bc of an internal factor

4.6 self determination theory - extrinsic

external factor

4.6 Instinct theory

behavior patterned throughout a species thats unlearned

4.6 drive reduction theory

doing things to satisfy basic needs

4.6 why do we do drive reduction theory

to maintain homeostasis

4.6 Arousal Theory

seek arousal after basic needs are met and can take different forms

4.6 Yerkes Dodson law

low, medium, high arousal cause differing levels of performance

4.6 incentive theory

enviormental stimuli motivating behavior, large and quality rewards drive motivation

4.6 lateral hypothalamus/ghrelin

brings hunger

4.6 ventromedial hypothalamus

depresses hunger/regulates hunger

4.6 approach approach conflict

2 attractive options

4.6 approach avoidance conflict

positive ad negative aspects

4.6 avoidance avoidance conflict

2 unattractive choices

4.7 succession theory

stimulus → physiological response = emotion

4.7 stimultaneous

stimulus → stimultanious physiological response + concious feeling = emotion

4.7 two factor theory

stimulus → physiological response → cognitive label/interpretation = emotion

4.7 facial expression theory

facial expressions identify univeral emotions