Overview, Nightingale, Benner, Rogers, Watson, Orem

Concept

An idea or complex mental image or phenomenon, labels used to identify phenomenon.

Abstract

Concrete

2 Types of Concept

Purpose

Should be stated explicitly or at least be identifiable in the text of the theory

Concepts

Should be linguistically expressed

Definitions

Meanings of concepts are conveyed in theoretical definitions; these definitions give character to the theory.

Relationships

Concepts are structured into a systematic form that links each concept with others

Structure

The relationships are linked to form a whole when the ideas of the theory interconnect; structure makes it possible to follow the reasoning of the theory.

Assumptions

Refer to underlying truths that determine the nature of concepts, definitions, purpose, relationship, and structure; may not be explicitly stated

Nursing Theory

Is a group of related concepts that derive from the nursing models and other disciplines. It guides practice, education, and research.

Nursing

As an Art relies on knowledge gained from practice and reflection of past experiences.

Science

It is based on scientifically tested knowledge that is applied in the practice setting.

Education

Prepares students for practice as members of the professional community.

Studying the models or paradigms is an orientation to the approaches used in practice

It is by studying theories and practicing with them that students learn their trade.

Research

offer a framework for generating knowledge and new ideas, helps connect the perceived gal between theory and practice.

Clinical Practice

guide critical thinking of nurses, represent status of nursing as a discipline and profession.

Nursing Philosophy

the most abstract type and sets forth the meaning of nursing phenomena through analysis, reasoning, and logical presentation.

Nursing Conceptual Model

are comprehensive nursing theories that are regarded by some as pioneers in nursing. These theories address the nursing metaparadigm and explain the relationship between them.

Grand Nursing Theories

are works derived from nursing philosophies, conceptual models, and other grand theories that are generally not as specific as middle-range theories.

Middle-Range Theories

are precise and answer specific nursing practice questions. They address the specifics of nursing situations within the perspective of the model or theory from which they are derived.

Person or Client

recipient of nursing care including individuals, families, groups, and communities

Environment

the internal and external surroundings that affect the client including people in the physical environment, such as families, friends, and significant others.

Health

the degree of wellness or well-being that the client experiences

Nursing

the attributes, characteristics, and actions of the nurse providing care on behalf of, or in conjunction with the client.

Florence Nightingale

Founder of Modern Nursing

May 12, 1820.

Florence Nightingale was born on?

1837

The year Nightingale wrote in her diary, “God spoke to me and called me to his service.”

1851

What year did Nightingale complete her training at Kaiserworth, Germany as a nurse?

1853

In what year did Nightingale become the superintendent of the Hospital for Invalid Gentlewomen in London?

1854

What year did Nightingale begin serving for the wounded soldiers in the Crimean War?

The Lady with the Lamp

What is the nickname for Nightingale?

Pure Air

Pure Water

Efficient Drainage

Cleanliness

Light

Five Essential Components of Environmental Health

Petty management

was a term used to denote that the nurse was in control of the environment both physically and administratively.

Person

Referred to the ______ as a patient.

Nurses performed tasks to and for the patient and controlled the patient’s environment to enhance recovery.

Reparative

To facilitate “the body’s ______ process” by manipulating the client’s environment.

August 31, 1942

Patricia Benner was born on?

Embodiment

is the capacity of the body to respond to meaningful situations

Novice

the person has no background experience of the situation in which he or she is involved.

Advanced Beginner

The person can demonstrate marginally acceptable performance having coped with enough real situations to note, or to have pointed out by a mentor, the recurring meaningful components of a situation.

Competent

Typified by considerable conscious and deliberate planning that determines which aspects of the current and future situations are important and which can be ignored.

Proficient

The performer recognizes the most salient aspects and has an intuitive grasp of the situation based on background understanding.

Expert

Having an intuitive grasp of the situation and as being able to identify the region of the problem without wasting consideration on a range of alternative diagnoses and solutions.

Aspects of a Situation

The recurring meaningful situational components recognized and understood in context because the nurse has previous experience.

Attribute of a Situation

Measurable properties of a situation that can be explained without previous experience in the situation

Competency

It is “an interpretively defined area of skilled performance identified and described by its intent, functions, and meanings.”

Domain

An area of practice having a number of competencies with similar intents, functions, and meanings.

Exemplar

An example of a clinical situation that conveys one or more intents, meanings, functions, or outcomes easily translated to other clinical situation.

Experience

An active process of refining and changing preconceived theories, notions, and ideas when confronted with actual situations; implies there is a dialogue between what is found in practice and what is expected.

Maxim

Cryptic description of skilled performance that requires a certain level of experience to recognize the implications of the instructions.

Paradigm Case

A clinical experience that stands out and alters the way the nurse perceives and understands future clinical situations.

This creates new clinical understanding and open new clinical perspectives and alternatives.

Salience

A perceptual stance or embodied knowledge whereby aspects of a situation stand out as more or less important.

May 12, 1914

When was Martha Rogers born?

March 13, 1994

When did Martha Rogers die?

Energy field

Universe of Open Systems

Pattern

Four Dimensionality

The Four Building Blocks

Energy Field

• Constitutes the fundamental unit of both the living and non-living.

• Field is a unifying concept

• Energy signifies the dynamic nature of the field

Human Field

Defined as irreducible, indivisible, pandimensional, energy field identified by pattern and manifesting characteristics that are specific to the whole and that cannot be predicted from knowledge of the parts

Environmental Field

Defined as an irreducible, pandimensional energy field identified by pattern and integral with the human field. Both fields change continuously, creatively and integrally.

Universe of open systems

Holds that energy fields are infinite, open, and integral with one another

Human and the environmental field are in continuous process and are open systems

Pattern

The distinguishing characteristic of an energy field and is perceived as a single wave.

The nature of the pattern changes continuously, innovatively, and these changes give identity to the energy field.

Manifestations of pattern have been described as unique and refer to the behaviors, qualities, and characteristics of the field.

Pandimensionality

As a nonlinear domain without spatial or temporal attributes

Provides for an infinite domain without limit

Helicy

Describes spiral development in continuous, non repeating, and innovative patterning.

Resonancy

patterning changes with the development from lower to higher frequency, that is with varying degrees of intensity.

Integrality

reflects the unity or wholeness of humans and their environment

Jean Watson

Is an american nurse theorist and nursing professor who is well known for her “Philosophy and Theory of Transpersonal Caring.”

June 10, 1940

When was Jean Watson born?

Theory of Caring

focuses on interpersonal and transpersonal relationship between nurse and other (self, patient, family, society, universe)

Equanimity

The formation of a humanistic-altruistic system of values

Personal Needs and Values

The cultivation of sensitivity to one’s self and to others

Biophysical Needs

• The need for food and fluid

• The need for elimination

• The need for ventilation

Psychophysical Needs

• The need for activity-inactivity

• The need for sexuality

Psychosocial needs

• The need for achievement

• The need for affiliation

• Higher order need

• The need for self-actualization

July 15, 1914

When was Dorothea Orem born?

Self-Care Deficit Theory

focuses on each “individual’s ability to perform self-care, defined as ‘the practice of activities that individuals initiate and perform on their own behalf in maintaining life, health, and weel-being.”

Self-Care

Is a human regulatory function that individuals must, with deliberation, perform themselves or must have performed for them too maintain life, health, development, and well being.

Agent

is the individual who is engaged in meeting the needs of a person or a person who has the power to engage in a course of action.

Nursing Agency

is set of established capabilities of a nurse who can legitimately perform activities of care for a client. It helps a person achieve their health care demand.

Nursing Design

These are professional functions that must be performed by the nurse in order to meet clients needs.

Nursing System

These are series and sequences of deliberate practical actions of nurses performed at times in coordination with actions of their patients.

Wholly Compensatory

The nurse or caregiver does all care for the patient. Patient is unable to care for themselves.

Partly Compensatory

Patient can do some care for themself but still relies on the nurse or caregiver for assistance.

Supportive-Educative

Patients learns to provide care for themself on their own without any assistance from the nurse or caregiver.