Applied Sciences - Bioenergetics

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Physical Science

University/Undergrad

Last updated 3:32 AM on 1/23/23
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37 Terms

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bioenergetics
how energy is produced in the body through different processes; the flow of energy
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carbohydrates
organic molecules that contain 3 major atoms: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
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monosaccharides
simple sugars, usually 1 aldehyde or ketone group
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3 major monosaccharides
glucose, galactose, and fructose
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glucose
aldohexose with three hydroxyl groups in a row
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galactose
aldohexose, same chemically as glucose but different structures
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aldehyde group
carbon double bonded to oxygen and single bonded to hydrogen and carbon
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fructose
ketohexose
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ketone group
carbon double bonded to oxygen and single bonded to two carbons
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disaccharides
two monosaccharides joined together
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maltose
glucose + glucose
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lactose
glucose + galactose
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sucrose
glucose + fructose
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3 major disaccharides
maltose, lactose, and sucrose
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dehydration reaction
one molecule giving up an OH and one molecule giving up an H to liberate water
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glycosidic bond
the bond that creates a disaccharide formed by a dehydration reaction
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hydrolysis reaction
adding water to break a glycosidic bond
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polysaccharides
chains of monosaccharides connected by glycosidic bonds
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starch
primarily exists in plants, can be linear or branched. harder to break down in the body when more branched
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cellulose
found on cell wall of plant cells
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glycogen
storage form of sugar in animals. in liver and skeletal muscles
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GAGS
glycosaminoglycans; chains of sugar with an amine group (with nitrogen) and glucuronic acid.
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4 major polysaccharides
starch, cellulose, glycogen, and GAGS
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two important GAGS
heparin and hyaluronic acid
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heparin
blood thinner
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hyaluronic acid
found in synovial fluid in joints
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metabolism
involves two major processes: making and breaking structures
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anabolism
making structures
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catabolism
breaking structures
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60-110 mg/dL
correct amount of glucose in blood
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hypoglycemic
less than 60 mg/dL of glucose in blood
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hyperglycemic
more than 110 mg/dL of glucose in blood
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4 major metabolic pathways
glycolysis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis
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glycolysis
breakdown of sugar, triggered by hyperglycemia
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glycogenesis
making of glycogen, triggered by hyperglycemia
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glucogenolysis
breakdown of glycogen, triggered by hypoglycemia
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gluconeogenesis
making of new molecule of glucose from protein or fat, triggered by hyperglycemia