apgov unit 1

10th Amendment

the powers not given to the federal government go to the people and the states (reserved powers)

amendment

a revision or change to a bill, law, or constitution

Anti-Federalists

opposed the adoption of the U.S. Constitution because it gave too much power to the national government at the expense of the state governments and it lacked a bill of rights

Articles of Confederation

the first national constitution of the United States, which created a government lasting from 1781 to 1789; replaced by the current Constitution

Bill of Rights

the first 10 amendments to the Constitution, guaranteeing certain rights and liberties to the people

block grant

money given to states for general programs within a broad category

Brutus No. 1

written by Anti-Federalist Robert Yates to convince the people of New York to not ratify the Constitution, suggesting that republics had to be small and homogeneous--not large and diverse--to be successful and arguing that a Bill of Rights was a critical part in the protection of the people's liberties

bureaucratic theory

the hierarchical structure and standardized procedures of govt allow bureaucrats to hold the real power over public policy.

categorical grants

federal grants for specific purposes defined by law

checks and balances

each branch of government is subject to restraints by the other two branches

Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise

resolved differences between northern and southern states; Congress could not tax exports nor ban the slave trade for 20 years.

Commerce Clause

gives the national government the power to regulate trade with foreign nations, between states (interstate commerce) and with Indian tribes, often used by the courts to expand the powers of Congress

concurrent powers

powers shared by the federal and state governments

constitution

the document setting forth the laws and principles of the government

cooperative federalism

cooperation among federal, state, and local governments

Declaration of Independence

drafted in 1776 by Thomas Jefferson, declared America's separation from Great Britain

delegated powers

powers specifically granted to the national government by the constitution

democracy

a system whereby the people rule either directly or by elected representation

devolution

an effort to shift responsibility for a wide range of domestic programs to the states in order to decrease the size and activities of the federal government

direct democracy

citizens meet and make decisions about public policy issues

dual federalism

federal and state governments each have defined responsibilities within their own sphere of influence

electoral college

representatives from each state who formally cast ballots for the president and vice president

elite theory

a small group of people identified by wealth or political power, who rule in their self-interest.

enumerated (expressed) powers

powers given specifically to the national government; for Congress those powers are listed in Article I, Section 8, including coining money, taxing, and declaring war

extradition

states may return fugitives to a state from which they fled to avoid criminal prosecution at the request of the state's governor

federal system

power is divided between the states and the federal government

federalism

a division of governmental powers between the national government and the states

Federalist No. 10

Madison suggests that the union under the new constitution is a safeguard against factions, defined factions, and argued to either eliminate factions by removing their causes, or limit their impact by controlling their effects

Federalist No. 51

Madison argues that the government under the new constitution will not become too powerful because the separation of powers will keep each branch in check

Federalist Papers

written by Hamilton, Jay, and Madison to support the ratification of the U.S. Constitution

Federalists

supported a strong central government and expanded legislative powers

fiscal federalism

national government's use of fiscal policy to influence states through the granting or withholding of appropriations

fiscal policy

the policies of taxation and spending that comprise the nation's economic policy

Full Faith and Credit Clause

states are required to recognize the laws and legal documents of other states

government

the formal and informal institutions, people, and processes used to create and conduct public policy

Grand Committee

a committee formed at the Constitutional Convention, composed of one member from each state, who helped create the Great Compromise to settle the dispute between large and small states over representation in the house of Congress

grants-in-aid

programs, money, and resources provided by the federal government to state and local governments to be used for specific projects and programs

Great (Connecticut) Compromise

Settled disputes between the states over the structure of the legislative branch

hyperpluralism

democracy seen as a system of many groups pulling government in many directions at the same time, causing gridlock and ineffectiveness.

implied powers

not expressed, but may be considered through the use of the Necessary and Proper (elastic) Clause

inherent powers

powers that exist for the national government because it is sovereign

interstate compacts

agreements between states to work together on common issues

judicial review

authority given to the courts to review the constitutionality of acts by the executive/state/legislature; established in Marbury v. Madison

limited government

basic principle of U.S. government that each person has rights that government cannot take away

Marbury v. Madison (1830)

established the principle of judicial review

McCulloch v. Maryland

Supreme Court decision upholding the supremacy of the national government over the states

natural rights

basic rights that are guaranteed to all persons; basic rights that a government cannot deny

Necessary and Proper (Elastic) Clause

gives Congress the powers to pass all laws necessary to carry out their constitutional duties, found in Article I, Section 8, Clause 18

New Jersey Plan

proposal for a single-chamber congress in which each state had one vote; favored by smaller states who preferred equal representation among the states

participatory democracy

a government in which all or most citizens participate directly

pluralist theory

interest groups compete in the political arena with each promoting its own policy preferences through organized efforts

politics

method of maintaining, managing, and gaining control of government

popular sovereignty

basic principle of U.S. government which holds that the people are the source of all governmental power

popular sovereignty

basic principle of U.S. government which holds that the people are the source of all governmental power

Privileges and Immunities Clause

states are prohibited from unreasonably discriminating against residents of other states

public policy

the exercise of government power in doing those things necessary to maintain legitimate authority and control over society

ratification

method of enacting a constitution or amendment into law

representative democracy

citizens choose officials (representatives) who make decisions about public policy

republicanism

a system in which the people give authority to government and exercise their power by delegating it to representatives chosen by them through the election process

reserved powers

powers given to the state government alone

revenue sharing

giving money back to state and local governments with no strings attatched

separation of powers

practice by which power is separated among three branches of government; each branch has its own powers and duties and is independent of and equal to the other branches

Shay's Rebellion

uprising led by Daniel Shays in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes; caused many to criticize the Articles of Confederation and admit the weak central government was not working

social contract

a voluntary agreement between the government and the governed

Supremacy Clause

national law supersedes all other laws passed by states; found in Article VI of the Constitution

Three-Fifths Compromise

agreement that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House of Representatives for taxation

U.S. v. Lopez

Supreme Court found that the 1990 Gun Free School Zones Act did violate the Constitution, claiming Congress was overusing its powers granted under the Commerce Clause

Virginia Plan

Madison's plan for a bicameral legislature, with the executive and judiciary chosen by the legislature