Ch. 6 Respiratory System -NOT high yield

movement of air starting from a breath in

1. nares/pharynx

2. nasal hairs (vibrissae)/mucous membranes

3. larynx

4. trachea

5. bronchi

6. bronchioles

7. alveoli

air is drawn in through the ____ and through the nasal cavity and ____ where it is warmed and humidified

nares, pharynx

Air is filtered by nasal hairs (____), and mucous membranes

vibrissae

the trachea divides into two mainstem bronchi, which divide into ____, which divide into continually smaller passages until they reach the alveoli

bronchioles

alveoli are small sacs that interface with the pulmonary capillaries, allowing

gases to diffuse across a one-cell-thick membrane

what in the alveoli reduces surface tension at the liquid-gas interface, preventing collapse

surfactant

the ___ cover the lungs and line the chest wall

pleurae

the ___ pleura lies adjacent to the lung itself

visceral

the ___ pleura lines the chest wall

parietal

the _____ _____ lies between the two layers (visceral & parietal) and contains a think layer of fluid that lubricates the two pleural surfaces

intrapleural space

the _____ is a thin skeletal muscle that helps to create the pressure differential required for breathing

diaphragm

the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

expand the thoracic cavity, increasing the volume of the intrapleural space, decreasing the intrapleural pressure

the pressure differential created by the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles expands the lungs, dropping the pressure within and drawing in air from the environment. This mechanism is termed

negative-pressure breathing

exhalation can be an active or passive process, what is inhalation

an active process

what happens during passive exhalation

relaxation of the muscles of inspiration and elastic recoil of the lungs allow the chest cavity to decrease in volume, reversing the pressure differentials seen in inhalation

what happens during active exhalation

internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles can be used to forcibly decrease the volume of the thoracic cavity, pushing air out

what can be used to measure lung capacities and volumes

spirometer

Total lung capacity (TLC)

maximum volume of air in the lungs when one inhales completely

Residual volume (RV)

volume of air remaining in the lungs when one exhales completely

Vital capacity (VC)

The difference between the minimum and maximum volume of air in the lungs

Tidal volume (TV)

volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

volume of additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

volume of additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inhalation

ventilation is regulated by the ___ _____, a collection of neurons in the medulla oblongata

ventilation center

_________ respond to carbon dioxide concentrations

chemoreceptors

does respiratory rate increase or decrease when there is a high concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood

increase

too much CO2 in the blood is called

hypercarbia OR hypercapnia

the ventilation center can also respond to low O2 concentrations in the blood by increasing ventilation rate. Not enough oxygen in the blood is called

Hypoxemia

ventilation can also be controlled consciously through the ____, although the medulla oblongata will override the cerebrum during extended periods of hypo- or hyperventilation

cerebrum

the lungs perform gas exchange with the blood through

simple diffusion across concentration gradients

deoxygenated blood with a high CO2 concentration is brought to the lungs via the

pulmonary arteries

oxygenated blood with a low carbon dioxide concentration leaves the lungs via the

pulmonary veins

why does the pulmonary artery carry deoxygenated blood? Doesn’t that go against the rule arteries = oxy and veins = deoxy?

the pulmonary artery and veins are an exception to the rule…. because of course they are

the large surface area of interaction between the alveoli and capillaries allows the respiratory system to assist in thermoregulation through ____ and _____ of capillary beds

vasodilation, vasoconstriction

what mechanism help filter the incoming air and trap particulate matter (potential pathogens)

1. vibrissae

2. mucous membranes

3. mucociliary escalator

what does the mucociliary elevator do

Cilia bring pathogens out of the airway and up the throat so you can swallow them

_____ in the nasal cavity and saliva attack peptidoglycan cell walls of gram-positive bacteria

Lysozyme

_______ can engulf and digest pathogens and signal to the rest of the immune system that there is an invader

macrophages

mucosal surfaces are covered with Ig_ antibodies

IgA

___ ____ have antibodies on their surface that when triggered can promote the release of inflammatory chemicals, they are also often involved in allergic reactions

mast cells

the respiratory system is involved in pH control through the

bicarbonate buffer system

what is the bicarbonate buffer system chemical equation

H₂O + CO₂ ⇌ H₂CO₃ ⇌ HCO₃^- + H⁺

when blood pH decreases, respiration rate increases to compensate by blowing off CO2. This causes a ____ shift in the buffer equation, reducing [H+]

left

when blood pH increases, respiration rate decreases to compensate by trapping CO2. This causes a ___ shift in the buffer equation, increasing [H+]

right