Pathophysiology Exam 1

Innate resistance

Natural and inflammatory systems

Adaptive (acquired) resistance

Vaccinations & exposure to pathogens

Complement system

Destroys cells directly with antigens and antibodies by initiating the inflammatory response

Mast cells

Cellulbar bags of granules in connective tissue near blood vesses

Prostaglandins

Lipid compounds that increase capillary permeability, causing vasodilation, pain & fever

Degranulation

Cell loss of granules that causes histamine response

H1 Receptor

Inflammatory- smooth muscle cells of bronchi

H2 Receptor

Antiinflammatory-parietal cells of stomach mucosa

Kininsystem

Activates & assists inflammatory cells

Bradykinins

Increase vascular permability, pain, and vasodilation

Neutrophils

Remove debris from sterile lesions and phagocytosis bacteria in nonsterile lesions

Phagocytosis

Cells digest and dipose of foreign substances from body

NK Cells

Recognize and eliminate cells infected with viruse & cancer in the blood, assist T cells by attaching IgG and activating killing mechanisms

Lymphocytes

Main component of the adaptive immune system

Eosinophils

Defense against parasites

Basophils

Releases histamine, affects allergies and asthma

Neonates

Depressed inflammatory and immune function (more susceptible to bacterial infections)

Elderly

Impaired inflammation from chronic illness

Antigens

Pathogens, vaccines, transfusions, and noninfectious environmental agents that react to antibodies to initiate immune responses

Lymphocytes

T& B cells

Antibodies

Immunoglobulins

Humoral immunity

B cells & circulating antibodies cause indirect inactivation of a microorganism or activation of inflammatory mediators

Cellular Immunity

Differentiates T cells to protect against viruses and cancer

B cell maturation

Develops in bone marrow

T cell maturation

Thymus development

Antigen presenting cells

Antigens processed by dendrites, macrophages & B lymphocytes

Dendritic cells

Process antigens from site of inflammation to T cell rich areas of lymph nodes

Macrophages

Present antigen to memory Th cells initiating rapid responses to antigens

B lymphocytes

Present antigen to Th cells to facilitate humoral immune response

IgG

Most abundant antibody, transporter across placenta to protect against infections

IgA

In blood and bodily secretions and defend against invaders on body surfaces

IgM

First antibody produced in response to antigen and first to be made by newborns

IgE

Least abundant antibody that mediates allergic responses and defends against parasites

Neutralization

Inactivates binding of antigen to receptor by covering the receptor

Primary response

Initial exposure with mild and slow response time (IgM—> IgG)

Secondary response

Reoccurring exposure with fast and strong response (abundant IgG)

Agglutination

Clumps insoluble participles in suspension

Precipitation

Converts soluble antigens into insoluble precipitates

T-Cytotoxic Cells

Destroys cancer and virus cells with apoptosis

Allergies

Exaggerated response to environmental antigen

Autoimmunity

Misdirected response against host cells

Alloimmunity

Response against beneficial foreign tissues (transfusions, transplants)

Hypersensitivity Reactions

Altered, immunologic, exaggerated response to an antigen

Immediate Hypersensitivity Reactions

Reaction occuring within minutes to hours

Anaphylaxis

Systemic or cutaneous allergic reaction

Delayed Hypersensitivity Reaction

Reaction withibin several hours, and reaches maximum severity days after re-exposure to the antigen

Type I IgE

IgE antibody made in reaction to allergen to mediate allergic responses

Type II

Tisue specific reaction where IgG antibodies bind to antigens on surface of host cell to destroy cell

Type III

Immuno-complex mediated where antigen-antibody complexes do not clear from circulation, leading to tissue desposition

Type IV

T cell mediated w/ delayed response (48-72hrs) anfter exposure