1.1 eukaryotes and prokaryotes

Eukaryotic cells

Cells that include all plants, animals, fungi, and protists; they are more complex and usually larger than prokaryotic cells.

Prokaryotic cells

Cells that include bacteria and archaea; they are simpler and generally smaller than eukaryotic cells.

Nucleus

Contains the cell's genetic material (DNA) enclosed within a nuclear membrane.

Cell membrane

Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

Cytoplasm

Gel-like substance where most chemical reactions occur.

Mitochondria

The site where aerobic respiration occurs, providing energy for the cell.

Ribosomes

Sites of protein synthesis in the cell.

Chloroplasts

The site of photosynthesis in plant cells; contains chlorophyll.

Cell wall

Found in plant cells, made of cellulose, and strengthens the cell.

Plasmids

Small rings of DNA in prokaryotic cells that can replicate independently of chromosomal DNA.

Flagella

Tail-like structures in some bacteria that help the cell move.

Size of eukaryotic cells

Generally larger, ranging from 10-100 micrometres.

Size of prokaryotic cells

Generally smaller, ranging from 0.1-5 micrometres.

Mitosis

Process by which eukaryotic cells divide.

Binary fission

Process by which prokaryotic cells divide.

Importance of cell classification

Helps in understanding the complexity and functionality of different organisms.

Linear DNA

Structure of DNA in eukaryotic cells, associated with proteins (histones).

Circular DNA

Structure of DNA in prokaryotic cells, without histones.