38 - Diabetes and Insulin Management

These flashcards cover the key concepts related to diabetes, insulin management, and recent medications discussed in the lecture.

What happens to blood insulin, glucagon, epi/NE, and cortisol levels after not eating for several hours, such as Emily who ate at 9am and it is now 1pm?

Insulin decreases, glucagon increases, epi/NE increases, cortisol increases.

What condition is characterized by insufficient ADH production or response leading to increased diuresis?

Diabetes insipidus.

What is the primary consequence of untreated diabetes mellitus?

Chronic hyperglycemia.

What test allows for the management and detection of diabetes by measuring average blood glucose over the past three months?

HbA1c.

What happens to glucose uptake in cells during diabetes?

Cells cannot access glucose despite its presence in the blood.

Which cells in the pancreas are responsible for insulin production?

Beta cells.

Where does glucose uptake from filtrate in the kidney occur?

SGLT in the PCT.

What are the four main steps in insulin's action on cells?

1. Insulin binds to receptor. 2. Signal cascade. 3. Exocytosis of GLUT-4. 4. Glucose entry permitted.

What is a key difference between Type I and Type II diabetes?

Type I is insulin-dependent with lack of insulin production; Type II is initially non-insulin dependent and may have normal insulin levels.

What condition leads to the destruction of beta cells in Type I diabetes?

Autoimmune disorder.

What metabolic process occurs in the absence of insulin in Type I diabetes leading to ketosis?

Fatty acid breakdown to free fatty acids, then converted to ketones in the liver.

What is the consequence of excess glucose and ketones being filtered in the nephron of a T1D patient?

Increased diuresis.

What bodily process results in the production of ketones?

Fat burning when insulin levels are low.

What is the management goal for Type I diabetes?

Monitor blood glucose levels and administer insulin.

What effect does exercise have on insulin receptor sensitivity?

Exercise increases insulin receptor sensitivity.

What chronic complications can arise from untreated Type II diabetes?

Blindness, nephropathy, amputations, neuropathy, cardiovascular disease.

What treatments are available for managing Type II diabetes?

Options to increase insulin receptor sensitivity and glucose excretion, decrease gluconeogenesis, and increase insulin release.

What do GLP-1 agonists like Wegovy and Ozempic do?

Increase insulin sensitivity.

What dual purpose are GLP-1 agonists currently being considered for?

To manage both diabetes and obesity.

What bodily regulation might explain the decreased cravings reported by patients on GLP-1 agonists?

Effects on the brain's GLP-1 receptors, though the mechanism is not fully understood.