Comprehensive Human Anatomy and Cell Biology: Tissues, Cell Transport, and Organelles

Cavity

House of the Organ

Compartments

Divided by sheets that surrounds the heart

Pericardium

Membrane that surrounds the heart

Mediastinum

Hollowed space na lagayan ng heart

Pleura

Lungs

Posterior

Cranial (Brain) and spinal cavity (Spinal Cord (bone) - Nerve that connects to your brain)

Anterior

Thoracic (Chest/Heart/Lungs) and Abdominopelvic Cavity (Abdomen and Pelvic Cavity)

Diaphragm

Thin sheet that separates the superior portion to the inferior section. Thoracic and Abdominopelvic (Sikmura Banda)

Abdomen

Digestion

Pelvic

Reproduction

Serous Membrane (Serosa)

One of the thin membranes that cover the walls and organs in the thoracic and abdominopelvic.

Parietal Layer

Wall/Layer that coats the wall of the Pericardium

Visceral Layer

Thin wall that covers the heart

Pericardial Fluid

Liquid in between them

Red blood cell

Incapable of duplicating themselves, they are disposable (through urine), constantly replaced and removed from circulation.

Nerve Cell

May be shaped like a star, Passes the message to the brain. Sending out long processes up to 3 feet (1 meter): Controls the muscles in your toes, stretching from mid-spine all the way to toes.

Cell Membrane

Flexible structure composed of Phospholipids, Cholesterol, Proteins.

Fluid Mosaic Model

Model of the Cell Membrane

Amphipatic

Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic

Intracellular Fluid

Inside the Cell

Extracellular Fluid

Outside the Cell

Channel Proteins

Only allows enter of specific materials.

Receptor

Located and functions outside the cell. Bind specific molecule outside the cell and translates binding into chemical reaction inside the cell.

Serotonin

Happy Hormone

Oxytocin

Love Hormone

Dopamine

Reward Hormone

Endorphine

Painkiller Hormone

Glycoproteins

Protein that has carbohydrate molecules attached. Attached carbs act as tags on the glycoproteins and aid in cell recognition.

Glycocalyx

Coat of the cell membrane. Allow cell to bind the cell, Enzyme for digestion (Breakdown sugar)

Peripheral Protein

Can be anchored Interior/Exterior that do not span the membrane.

Membrane Lipid Bilayer

The structural foundation of cell membranes, composed of two layers of lipids.

Permeable

Substances that can pass through the membrane, such as lipids, oxygen, carbon dioxide, alcohol, and simple diffusion.

Water Soluble

Substances that require assistance to enter the cell, including glucose, amino acids, and ions.

Active Transport

Transport mechanism that requires ATP to move substances against their concentration gradient.

Passive Transport

Transport mechanism that does not require cellular energy (ATP) and moves substances down their concentration gradient.

Tonicity

water imbalance.

Equilibrium

A state where there is no net movement of substances in any direction.

Facilitated Diffusion

Diffusion of molecules down their concentration gradients with the assistance of transmembrane proteins.

Osmosis

The diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane.

Hyperosmotic

A solution with more solute and less solvent.

Hyposmotic

A solution with less solute and more solvent.

Isosmotic

A solution with equal solute and solvent concentrations.

Sodium Potassium Pump

A mechanism that uses ATP to move sodium and potassium ions in opposite directions.

Secondary Active Transport

Transport that is driven by ATP to activate the sodium potassium pump.

Symporters

Proteins that move two different substances in the same direction across the membrane.

Antiporters

Proteins that move two different substances in opposite directions across the membrane.

Exocytosis

The process of moving substances from inside the cell to the outside.

Endocytosis

The process of moving substances from outside the cell to the inside.

Vesicle

An organelle inside the cell, made by the lipid bilayer, that helps in digesting materials.

Phagocytosis

The process of a cell eating.

Pinocytosis

The process of a cell drinking.

Receptor Mediated Endocytosis

A selective process where specific ligands bind to receptor proteins, triggering vesicle formation.

Cytoplasm

The jelly-like substance where organelles are embedded, often referred to as the soup of the cell.

Cytosol

The fluid medium within the cell that facilitates biochemical reactions.

Nucleus

The largest organelle in the cell, visible under a microscope.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

An organelle involved in transporting, synthesizing, and storing materials.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached, responsible for synthesizing proteins.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Endoplasmic reticulum without ribosomes, involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.

Golgi Apparatus

An organelle that sorts, modifies, and ships products from the rough ER.

Hepatocytes

Liver cells that detoxify toxins.

Lysosome

An organelle containing enzymes that digest and break down unneeded materials.

Autolysis

Self-destruct, (self-digestion) in damaged or dead cells, contributing to programmed cell death.

Apoptosis

Dead cell.

Peroxisome

Cleaning, Hydrogen peroxide (agua oxinada).

Mitochondria

Inner lipid; Cristae. Transformers of the cell. ATP gives energy.

Cytoskeleton

Bone of the cell/Made of filaments, the one that maintains structure.

Filaments

Microfilaments, Microtubule, Intermediate Filament.

Microfilament

Responsible for cell replication. Cleavage furrow - pahiwalay palang. Thinnest of the cytoskeletal filaments.

Microvilli

Finger like structure; can be seen inside the intestine; absorbs the nutrients.

Microtubule

Thickest of the 3 filaments, made of tubulin protein, Maintains the structure of the cell.

Cilia

Small, hair-like structures found on the surface of some cells, trachea.

Flagella

Longer, whip-like structures, typically one per cell, which are used for cellular locomotion, like the tail of a sperm cell.

Intermediate filament

Final type of cytoskeletal filament. Processing of a protein bowled keratin; made of keratin, maintains the shape of the cell - forming ropelike structures.

Haploid

23 cells (n).

Diploid

46 (2n).

Genome

Carries all the genetic instruction.

Proteome

Full set of protein.

DNA

Blueprint of life, "Histone proteins". Protein like thread wrapped around a spool/DNA. Double-stranded helix. Each strand is composed of repeating subunits called nucleotides. Double stranded linear found in chromatin. Storage form of genome. Uses ATCG.

mRNA

Messenger protein, Single stranded linear, Copy of a single gene that leaves the nucleus to be translated as protein. Uses AUCG.

tRNA

Transfer protein. Single stranded non-linear shape held by complementary. Matches mRNA code with amino acids.

rRNA

Ribosomal proteins provide structure.

Nuclear envelope (Nuclear membrane)

Covering of the nucleus with a hole. The nucleus is surrounded by a double lipid bilayer membrane. This membrane separates the nucleoplasm from the cytoplasm.

Nuclear pole

Passageway of the nucleus from the nucleus to cytoplasm. labasan ribosome/passageway.

Nucleoplasm

Liquid part of the nucleus/Liquid suspended in nucleolus.

Nucleolus

Makes ribosome > made of protein>Amino acid>Peptides.

Amino acid

Building block of protein.

Stop codon

RNA reached AUG, UAA, UAG.

Gene expression

Process of making molecular product from a gene.

Transcription

Process DNA to RNA transcription. (Initiation, Elongation, Termination).

Initiation

Two complementary strands of DNA are separated and RNA polymerase (Nagkakabit ng RNA sa DNA strand to produce protein.

Elongation

RNA polymerase adds new nucleotides to the transcription process.

Termination

RNA polymerase reaches the end of the gene. mRNA transcript are released from the DNA strand.

Splicing

Removes non-coding region, happened before mRNA, Happens to the pre-mRNA transcript to create mature mRNA molecules.

Translating

Translating nucleotide to protein. Giving of names to 3 nucleotides.

Mitosis

Somatic cells.

Interphase

Longest phase of cell division.

G1

Cells are growing/making proteins.

S-Phase

DNA replication.

G2

Preparation for mitosis.

Prophase

Chromatid condense to chromosome.