trophic levels + ecological effiecieny

What is the tropic levels

Producers

Primary consumers (herbivores eating plants)

Secondary consumes

Tertiary consumers

Why does conservation happen ? Economic social and ethical reasons?

Many species provide a source of food + medicine + important fo processes such as pollination of crops as welll for maintaining a good quality of water as well as tourism

Social reasons - aesthetic and recreation

Ethical - right to survive

What does management of an ecosystem provide

Resources in a sustainable way

How is coppicing an example of how management of an ecoystem provides resources in a sustainable way

Copppicing - cutting down of tres close to the ground to encourage new growth, effective as stumps have good root systems

What is selective felling

The harvesting/removal of largest mature trees as well as diseased ones to enable other trees to grow, trees which are removed are replaced with seeds

What is pollarding

A form of coppicing where trees are cut higher up to prevent deer from eating the new shoots

Ho can we protect ecosystems and manage the species and habitats

Controlling number of tourists/visitors

Involvement of local communities

Education of local communities

Active management of vegetation

Control of introduction of species

What is the definition of biomass

Mass of living material in an area

It measures Organisms without h20

Why are organisms measured without h20 as biomass

H20 fluctuates so not a representation of energy in organism

What dos the width represent in tropic levels

The amount of spices in each stage or biomass

How do you measure biomass

Calorimeter

• collect sample - kill organisms - put Iain oven at 80 degrees check mass frequently until it remains same (all water removes= biomass)

Why is it important for the organisms to be at 80 degrees in oven

High enough o remove water

But not too high to cause disintegration

What is the unit for land animals and ocean animals

Land animals - gm^-2

Ocean - gm^-3

What is ecological efficiency?

Efficiency in which biomass is transferred from one trophies level to next

Why is ecological effiecinecy never 100%? How is energy lost?

Sunlight reflected only 10% is used in photosynthesis

Other factors affecting PS rate

Some energy used up for PS to occur

E lost through respiration (heat)

E lost through excretion

Some parts of food not eaten

What is useful energy for?

To build biomass

How can you reduce the wasted energy (5)

Genetic engineering

Restrict movement

Feed high energy foods

Keep animals indoors

Vaccination - reduce illness - reduce energy used to fight infection

What are the different things that happen to the sunlight on photosynthesis

Reflected away

Only certain wavelengths used in photosynthesis

Light passes through leaves

Light falls away

What happens to light?

Light is converted to chemical energy - stored a biomas - available to primary consumers

What is the efficiency of biomass transfer?

Usually 10%

Why is only a small amount transferred to primary consumers and secondary consumers

All reasons already learnt

Primary consumers converts a lot of chemical energy in movements and heat not in its own body

What is the equation for efficiency of transfer?

Biomass transferred / biomass intake

Biomass transferred = b.m transferred to higher tropic level

Biomass intake = b.m of lower level that’s consumed