PCB 3703 Lecture 1

What is the study of biological structure and form called?

Anatomy

What branch of anatomy studies body cells?

Cytology

What branch of anatomy studies body tissues?

Histology

What is another name for gross anatomy?

Macroscopic anatomy

What does systemic anatomy study?

Body systems

What does regional anatomy study?

Bodily regions

What is the study of the function of organ systems called?

Physiology

Physiology operates at how many levels?

Many levels

Physiology is closely tied to which processes?

Chemical and physical processes

What inter-relation is key to understanding the human body?

The inter-relation between form and function

Form and function inter-relation is key to understanding which two fields?

Anatomy and physiology

What is microscopic anatomy?

The study of microscopic structures like cells and tissues

Cytology falls under which broader anatomical category?

Microscopic anatomy

Histology falls under which broader anatomical category?

Microscopic anatomy

What does macroscopic anatomy study compared to microscopic anatomy?

Larger structures visible to the naked eye (gross anatomy)

What are the characteristics of living things

Organization, Metabolism, Growth and Development, Responsiveness, Regulation, Reproduction

Integumentary system

skin, hair, nails

Skeletal system

skull, sternum, ribs, cartilage, vertebrae, sacrum, upper limb bones, lower limb bones, knee joint

What is the function of the skull?

Protects the brain and supports facial structures.

What is the sternum?

Flat breastbone located in the center of the chest.

What is the function of the ribs?

Bony cage enclosing and safeguarding thoracic organs.

What is cartilage?

Flexible connective tissue connecting ribs to the sternum.

What are vertebrae?

Individual bones forming the protective spinal column.

What is the sacrum?

Shield-shaped bony structure at the base of the lumbar vertebrae.

What are the upper limb bones?

Includes the shoulder girdle, arm, forearm, and hand bones.

What are the lower limb bones?

Consists of the pelvis, thigh, kneecap, leg, and foot bones.

What is the knee joint?

Critical hinge point connecting the femur to the tibia.

Muscular system

pectoralis major muscle, aponeurosis, tendons, sartorius muscle

What is the pectoralis major muscle?

The large, fan-shaped chest muscle responsible for moving the shoulder joint and arm.

What is an aponeurosis?

A broad, flat sheet of dense fibrous connective tissue that anchors muscles or connects them to other muscles, particularly across the abdomen.

What are tendons?

Tough, cord-like bands of fibrous tissue that attach skeletal muscles directly to bones, enabling joint movement.

What is the sartorius muscle?

The longest muscle in the human body, running obliquely down the anterior thigh to assist in flexing, abducting, and laterally rotating the hip.

Nervous system

brain and spinal cord (CNS), sense organs and nerves (PNS)

What is the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

It consists of the brain and spinal cord.

What is the main function of the brain?

It is the main control center processing information.

What does the spinal cord do?

It is a nerve column connecting the brain to the body.

What is the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

It consists of nerves that branch out from the CNS.

What do nerves do in the PNS?

They carry signals throughout the limbs.

What are sense organs?

Structures like eyes that collect external data.

What is another term for superior?

Cranial

What is another term for anterior?

Ventral

What is another term for posterior?

Dorsal

Which anatomic direction means toward the head or upper part?

Superior / cranial

Which anatomic direction means toward the tail or lower part?

Caudal

Which anatomic direction means toward the front?

Anterior / ventral

Which anatomic direction means toward the back?

Posterior / dorsal

Which anatomic direction means lower or below?

Inferior

Which anatomic direction means toward the midline?

Medial

Which anatomic direction means away from the midline?

Lateral

Which anatomic direction means closer to the point of attachment?

Proximal

Which anatomic direction means farther from the point of attachment?

Distal

Which anatomic direction means internal or deep?

Internal or deep

Which anatomic direction means external or superficial?

Superficial or external

What reference items are grouped alongside anatomic directions in the text?

Reference planes

What major body categories are mentioned alongside reference planes?

Major body regions

In anatomical position, which region is inferior to the axillary region according to the poll options?

Carpal region

Body cavities that are fully enclosed by bone feature what absence?

No serous membrane

Are body cavities fully enclosed by bone associated with serous membranes?

No

Is the ventral cavity fully enclosed by bone?

Not fully enclosed by bone

What membrane subdivisions are found in the ventral cavity?

Serous membrane subdivisions

What is a body membrane described as?

Continuous layer of cells

What are the functions of body membranes regarding viscera?

Covers, separates, and supports viscera

How many layers do serous membranes have?

Two layers

What does the parietal layer of a serous membrane line?

The body wall

What does the visceral layer of a serous membrane line?

The organs

Where is the serous cavity located?

Between the parietal and visceral layer

What is typically found inside the serous cavity?

Serous fluid

Which major cavity includes the pleura and pericardium?

Thoracic cavity

Which specific membrane is found in the abdominopelvic cavity?

Peritoneum

What is a mesentery?

Double fold of the peritoneum

What do mesenteries connect?

Visceral and parietal peritoneum

What is homeostasis?

The ability of an organism to maintain consistent internal environment despite changing internal or external conditions

Temperature regulation is an example of which feedback mechanism?

Answ Negative feedback

Blood sugar regulation is an example of which feedback mechanism?

Negative feedback

Contractions during birth are an example of which feedback mechanism?

Positive feedback

Milk production is an example of which feedback mechanism?

Positive feedback

What do failures of homeostatic systems lead to?

Homeostatic imbalance and disease

What does cytology study specifically?

Body cells

What does histology study specifically?

Body tissues

Does gross anatomy study macroscopic or microscopic structures?

Macroscopic structures

Is systemic anatomy focused on systems or regions?

Body systems

Is regional anatomy focused on systems or regions?

Bodily regions

Physiology focuses on the function of what?

Organ systems

Are physical processes tied to physiology?

Yes, closely tied

Are chemical processes tied to physiology?

Yes, closely tied

What field studies form alongside function?

Anatomy and physiology

Morphology is another word associated with what study?

Anatomy (structure and form)

How many characteristics of living things are listed in total?

Six

Which characteristic involves maintaining stable internal conditions?

Regulation (part of homeostasis)

Which anatomic direction pairs with superior?

Cranial

Which anatomic direction pairs with inferior?

Caudal or lower

Which anatomic direction pairs with anterior?

Ventral

Which anatomic direction pairs with posterior?

Dorsal

What does medial mean relative to lateral?

Toward the midline (versus away from the midline)

What does proximal mean relative to distal?

Closer to attachment point (versus farther away)

What does deep mean relative to superficial?

Internal (versus external or superficial)

What do bone-enclosed body cavities lack?

Serous membrane

What membrane type has parietal and visceral layers?

Serous membrane

What does the parietal serous layer line?

The body wall

What does the visceral serous layer line?

The organs