Original - Releasing goldfish into the wild can mess up ecosystems

fixture (n) vật cố định / điều quen thuộc

Goldfish are a familiar fixture in homes, classrooms, and backyard ponds around the world

to date = so far = thus far

provides some of the strongest experimental evidence to date that invasive goldfish can fundamentally alter lake ecosystems

churned up (phr.v) khuấy động lên = stirred up

Water quality declined rapidly as goldfish churned up bottom sediments

sediments (n) cặn lắng, trầm tích = silt (phù sa)

Water quality declined rapidly as goldfish churned up bottom sediments

conducted (v): thực hiện, tiến hành = carried out = performed

the research team conducted large, controlled outdoor experiments using small, artificial lakes designed to simulate real-world conditions

stark (adj): rõ rệt, sắc nét = striking

The results were stark

complementary (adj) bổ trợ cho nhau = supplementary = mutually reinforcing

The study also used two complementary experimental approaches

notoriously (adv): nổi tiếng là (theo nghĩa tiêu cực) = infamously

Once this point is crossed, the researchers say such shifts are notoriously difficult and expensive to reverse

pests (n): loài gây hại = nuisances = invasive nuisances

It is critically important to inform the public that their pets can become pests that harm freshwater ecosystems

ornamental (adj): để trang trí, làm cảnh = decorative

goldfish rank among the most widely distributed ornamental fish on Earth