Exam 1: Patho

What are the common cell adaptions?

atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia

What is cell atrophy?

decrease in cell size

What is cell hypertrophy?

increase in cell size

What is cell hyperplasia?

increase in cell number

What is cell metaplasia?

replacement of normal cell with abnormal cell

What is cell dysplasia?

mutation of normal cells into abnormal cells

What are ways cells can get injured?

Physical, chemical, or biological

What is the most common cause of cell injury?

hypoxia

What is apoptosis?

programmed cell death (cell suicide)

What is necrosis?

Premature cell death

How does apoptosis occur?

good cell death; essential for growth development homeostasis

How does necrosis occur?

bad cell death;happens due to a malfunction infection,ischemia

Is apoptosis natural?

Yes, it is a naturally occurring physiological process

Is necrosis natural?

No, it is a pathological process caused by external agents

what are the 5 main types of necrosis?

coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, fatty, and gangrene

Coagulative necrosis

Happens due to ischemia, ex MI (myocardial infraction)

liqufactive necrosis

it is runny and water ex: and absess

caseous necrosis

cheese like, granulomatous ex: TB

fatty necrosis

Fatty tissue broken down into fatty acids

Example is pancreatitis

gangrene necrosis

hypoxic injury ex: diabetic toes

What is a neoplasm?

New growth/tumor

Where does a neoplasm originate?

Usually an organ or spread from a different site

What are the three steps in the process of carcinogenesis?

Initiation, Promotion, and Progression.

What is the first step of carcinogenesis?

Initiation: introduction of the carcinogenic agent.

What occurs during the promotion stage of carcinogenesis?

Initiation of uncontrolled growth.

What is the final stage of carcinogenesis and what does it involve?

Progression: permanent malignant changes.

What are the characteristics of benign cancers?

Benign cancers are slow, progressive, localized, defined, and differentiated more like host tissue.

What are the characteristics of malignant cancers?

Malignant cancers are rapid, metastatic, undifferentiated, and fatal.

What is the inheritance pattern of autosomal dominant disorders?

Transmitted from affected parents to offspring regardless of gender, with a 50% chance of transmission.

What is a key feature of unaffected offspring in autosomal dominant disorders?

Unaffected offspring do not pass on the disorder.

What is the typical onset of autosomal dominant disorders?

Delayed onset.

What is an example of an autosomal dominant disorder?

Marfan syndrome, which is incurable and requires palliative treatment.

What gene is associated with Marfan syndrome and what is its function?

The FBN1 gene on chromosome 15 creates microfibrils for strength, growth factor release, and tissue repair; mutations reduce elasticity and increase growth factor.

What is required for an autosomal recessive disorder to occur?

Both members of the gene pair must be affected, occurring only in homozygous allele pairs (e.g., aa).

What is the status of individuals with heterozygous allele pairs (e.g., Aa) in relation to autosomal recessive disorders?

They are carriers only and exhibit no symptoms.

What is a common characteristic of the onset of autosomal recessive disorders?

They typically have an early onset and are usually caused by a deficient enzyme.

What is an example of an autosomal recessive disorder?

Cystic Fibrosis.

Which organs are primarily affected by Cystic Fibrosis?

The lungs and pancreas, but it also affects the liver, intestines, and sinuses.

At what age are most cases of Cystic Fibrosis diagnosed?

By the age of 2.

Why are females frequently carriers of sex-linked disorders?

Because they have two X-chromosomes.

What is an example of a sex-linked disorder?

Fragile X syndrome.

How is the nervous system effected with stress?

Anxiety, over eating, nervous tics, neuropsychological manifestations, fatigue, etc

How is the integumentary system effected with stress?

acne, eczema, hair loss, neurodermatitis, psoriasis

How is the cardiovascular system effected by stress?

coronary artery disease, disturbed heart rate and rhythm, hypertension, and stroke

how is the respiratory system effected by stress?

asthma, hay fever, increased respiration

How is the GI system effected by stress?

Diarrhea, IBS, nausea & vomit, gastritis, ulcerative colitis

How is the immune system effected by stress?

autoimmune disease, immunodeficiency, immunosuppression

How is the genitourinary system effected by stress?

impotence, irritable bladder, frigidity, diuresis, menstrual irregularity

how is the endocrine system effected by stress?

Diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia

How is the musculoskeletal system effected by stress?

Inflammatory disease of connective tissue, muscle contraction backache, tension headache, rheumatoid arthritis

What are the types of immunity the body has?

Innate and adaptive

What are barriers of innate immunity?

1. nonspecific but IMMEDIATE, has recognition of nonself. cannot recognize specific pathogens.

2. included in skin/mucus membranes

3. NOT completely impenetrable

What is the inflammatory response?

A vascular reaction from damage or trauma to body tissue.

What makes innate immunity nondiscriminatory?

It has the same sequence regardless of cause, local and systemic

What are the phases of innate immunity?

Acute and chronic

Acute innate immunity phase is what?

It is immediately after injury, until threat is eliminated

What are pyrogens?

they are released by bacteria/exposure and cause a fever (systemic inflammatory)

What are interferons?

they come from virus infected cells which then bind to uninfected cells.

What are complement proteins

plasma proteins that enhance antibodies, they are activated by antigens

What are adaptive defenses?

Acquired defense that pursue those who escaped innate defenses

Is adaptive immunity specific or non-specific?

specific, it has a memory that develops overtime

Can adaptive immunity distinguish self?

yes and it can distinguish a specific pahogen

What is cellular immunity?

Destroying the antigen

Where are T cells produced?

Bone marrow

where do T cells mature?

thymus

What is humoral immunity?

Immunity that produces antibodies against antigen

What cell has memory cells and immunoglobin- secreting cells?

B cells

How soon are B cells activated after exposure?

72 hours

What cells have a quicker response to the same antigen in the future?

Memory

What is natural active immunity?

When you become immune after catching a disease/virus

What is artificial active immunity?

vaccination

What is natural passive immunity?

Passing antibodies from mother to baby via breast milk

what is artificial passive immunity?

When you become immune after being injected with antibodies from someone else

What do help T cells do?

Activate and assist B cells

What do suppressor T cells do?

turn off antibody production

what do killer T cells do?

they are cytotoxic so they destroy infected cells

What is the acronym ACID for hypersensitivity ?

Anaphylaxis

Cytotoxic

Immune complex

Delayed onset

What is type 1 hypersensitivity ?

Anaphylaxis , it is immediate, IgE leads to histamine release. Example: Asthma/Allergies

What is type 2 hypersensitivity?

Cytotoxic, usually immediate, IgM & IgG (new cells killing cells, RH incomparability / Hemolytic blood transfusion

What is type 3 hypersensitivity?

immune complex, typically delayed, deposited into tissue which causes inflammation. Ex: Lupus

What is type 4 hypersensitivity?

Delayed onset, T cells, ex: poison ivy, tb skin test

What is immunodeficiency?

A condition where the immune system is weak or compromised due to a virus or disease process.

What is the difference between primary and secondary immunodeficiency?

Primary immunodeficiency is genetic, while secondary immunodeficiency is caused by external factors like infections or diseases.

What is the relationship between HIV and AIDS?

HIV can lead to AIDS if untreated; one can have HIV without having AIDS, but if you have AIDS, you have HIV.

How is the severity of HIV infection categorized?

By CD4 count: Category 1 (500+ cells) is asymptomatic, Category 2 (200-499 cells) has some symptoms, and Category 3 (below 200 cells) is classified as AIDS with very difficult symptoms.

What can cause immunosuppression?

Immunosuppression can be medically induced, such as through chemotherapy, and it can be reversed.

What is the significance of CD4 count in HIV patients?

CD4 count determines the category of HIV infection and the severity of the immune deficiency.

What is an autoimmune response?

An autoimmune response occurs when the immune system attacks the body's own cells.

Which demographic is more commonly affected by autoimmune disorders?

Autoimmune disorders are more common in women, especially those of childbearing age.

What factors contribute to autoimmune disorders?

Autoimmune disorders are caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

What is an example of an autoimmune disease?

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), commonly associated with the term 'lupus'.

What type of hypersensitivity reaction is associated with autoimmune diseases?

Autoimmune diseases are typically classified as Type II hypersensitivity reactions.

What is a characteristic of autoimmune diseases?

They are chronic inflammatory conditions affecting connective tissue.

Allogenic

Same species, similar body composition; most common type of transplant.

Syngenic

Transplant from an identical twin.

Autologous

Transplant using the patient's own tissue.

Xenogenic

Transplant from a different species.

Host vs graft disease

Condition where the host's immune system fights the transplant.

Hyperacute rejection

Immediate rejection of the transplant occurring within hours.

Acute rejection

Rejection occurring within three months, treatable with symptoms like fever and edema.