lab 8 - lymphatic, digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive system histology

lymphatic system

returns fluids that have leaked from vessels back into blood via lymphatic vessels, lymph, and lymph nodes

encapsulated lymph organs

lymph nodes, thymus gland, spleen

separated from surrounding connective tissue by a fibrous capsule

diffuse lymphoid organs

do not have a defined boundary that separates them from the connective tissue

this tissue is found virtually in every body organ

red pulp

color due to blood that filters through

phagocytes in pulp remove abnormal rbcs and other antigens from blood

white pulp

appears blue due to lymphocytes nuclei stains

when antigens are present, lymphocytes in white pulp become sensitized to them and produce antibiotics to counteract them

lymph follicles

active site of B cell mitosis

germinal centers

house proliferating B cells

tonsillar nodules

covered with stratified squamous epithelium and invaginate at places into tonsillar crypts

hassall’s corpuscle

diagnostic feature of thymus

sites that accumulate dead T cells and are involved in development of regulatory T cells

spleen

largest encapsulated organ of the lymphatic system

many macrophages and lymphocytes

functions in entrapment and destruction of old erythrocytes and platelets

hodgkin’s granuloma

cancer of lymphatic system

can cause breakdown of red and white splenic pulp

reed-sternberg cells

characteristics of hodgkin’s disease

derived from B lymphocytes

give tissue moth eaten appearance

papillae

the surface where taste buds are concentrated

peg like projections

enamel

plates the outer surface of the tooth

the hardest tissue of the body

dentin

below the enamel

makes up the bulk of the tooth

manufactured by odontoblasts

pulp

soft inner core region containing blood and nerve supply of tooth

muscularis mucosa

thin muscular layer just below the luminal epithelium

submucosa

composed largely of loose connective tissue

collagen rich

contains many of the neurovascular bundles that supply the mucosa

muscularis externa

comprises the bulk of the musculature which can be divided into two layers

circular layer and longitudinal layer

circular layer

has smooth muscle fibers that lie perpendicular to the long axis of the lumen

longitudinal layer

has muscle fibers that lie parallel to the lumen

adventitious

fibrous connective tissue that anchors the esophagus to surrounding tissue

septa

form substrate for blood vessels and nerves that ratify through salivary glands

gastric pits

in the stomach wall

are exocrine ducts from gastric glands that lead to the stomach lumen

gastric glands

contain exocrine epithelia that secrete mucus, gastric acid, intrinsic factor, peptic cells, neuroendocrine cells, and some stem cells

brunner’s glands

histological signatures of the duodenum

produces mucus-rich alkaline secretion that protects the duodenum from the acidic content of chyme, lubricates intestinal walls, and provide an alkaline condition for the intestinal enzymes to become active and enable absorption to take place

goblet cells

single called exocrine glands that secrete mucus

cirrhosis

fibrous fatty deposits in the liver

replaces healthy tissue with scar tissue, preventing the liver from functioning

usually results from chronic alcohol abuse

hepatitis

type A, B, and C

type determined by lab tests

ultimately leads to liver cell destruction

hypothalamus

controls pituitary gland

links nervous and endocrine systems

pituitary gland

regulates activities of several other glands

links endocrine and nervous systems

pineal gland

produces melatonin

regulates sleep-wake cycle

thyroid gland

controls body metabolism rate

adrenal glands

produced epinephrine and norepinephrine

cause physical arousal in response to danger, fear, angrier, stress, and other strong emotions

ovaries

secrete estrogen and progesterone

regulates sexual development and reproduction

influence sexual behavior

pancreas

regulates blood sugar and insulin levels

involved in hunger

testes

secrete testosterone

regulates sexual development and reproduction

influences sexual behavior

islets of langerhans

small clusters of endocrine cells that are a mixture of many cell types , including alpha and beta cells

beta cells

secrete hormone insulin

stimulates tissues to uptake glucose

alpha cells

secrete glucagon

stimulates liver to depolymerize glucose from glycogen and secrete glucose

emphysema

progressive disease highly correlated to smoking

breakage and collapse of alveoli, progressive reduction of surface area for gas exchange and the amount of oxygen that reaches your bloodstream

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

pneumonia

inflammatory condition of the lungs, primarily affects alveoli

commonly caused by bacterial or viral infection, can also be caused by fungal or parasitic infection

gas exchange with blood can be reduced due to inflammatory buildup and alveoli damage

tuberculosis

caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis

lethal in many cases

attacks lungs, can also affect other parts of body

asymptomatic and latent mostly, one in ten latent infections eventually progress to active disease which is fatal if left untreated

lung carcinoma

derive from epithelial cells

particularly aggressive in its metastasis

common cause is long term exposure to tobacco smoke

renal cortex

superficial

light in color

granular appearance

renal medulla

deep to the renal cortex

comprised of renal pyramids with renal columns between each pyramid

renal pyramids

appear striped microscopically due to parallel bundles of urine collecting tubules

base of the renal pyramids faces the renal cortex while the apex points internally

renal pelvis

continuous with the ureter leaving the renal hilum

glomerulus

composed of partially encapsulated ball of capillaries in the renal cortex

filtrate emerges from circulation in the tubules of the nephron

bowman’s capsule

encapsulates the glomerulus and marks the entrance point of the filtrate into the proximal convoluted tubule

kidney carcinoma

originates in kidney in either the renal tubules or the renal pelvis

renal tubules are typically renal cell carcinomas

renal pelvis are typically transitional cell carcinomas

zona glomerulosa

outermost cortical region and secretes mineralcorticoids

zona fasciculata

middle layer and produces glucocorticoids

zona reticular is

deepest layer and produces androgens

renal medulla

releases epinephrine and norepinephrine

lamina proprietor

richly vascularized layer of connective tissue beneath epithelial layer

cervix

inferior portion of uterus leading to vagin

corpus spongiform

surrounds the urethra

corpus cavernosum

encapsulated by connective tissue

comprises most of the erectile tissue

prostate

secretes a slightly acidic fluid, milky in appearance, that constitutes ~30% of the volume of the semen along with spermatozoa and seminal vesicles fluid

epididymus

comprised of duct structures attached to the testes, where final sperm maturation occurs

sperm ejaculated from here