Ultimate Health Final Study Guide

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the key terms and concepts from Chapters 1 through 15 of the health study guide, including dimensions of health, psychological disorders, reproductive biology, nutrition, fitness, and chronic diseases.

Health

The ever-changing process of achieving individual potential in the physical, social, emotional, mental, spiritual, and environmental dimensions.

Medical Model

The health status of both the person and the decreased organ perspective, where improvement is found by curing the disease-causing agent via surgery or treatment.

Ecological/Public Health Model

A view of health where disease and negative health problems are the result of an individual’s interactions with the social and physical environment.

Emotional Health

The ability to express emotions and maintain a level of self-confidence; the feeling side of psychological health.

Healthy People 2020

A blueprint for health actions designed to improve the quality of life and health in the United States.

Health Belief Model (HBM)

A model showing that several factors must support a belief before change is likely, stating that beliefs affect health-related behavior change.

Transtheoretical Model

A model of behavior change involving steps: pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination.

Shaping

The use of a series of small steps to gradually achieve a particular goal.

Internal Locus of Control

The belief that power over actions and the location as the source of events in life is within the person.

Self-Efficacy

An innate belief that one is capable of achieving certain goals and performing specific behaviors.

Psychological Health

A complex interaction of how we think, feel, relate, and exist in our daily lives, encompassing mental, emotional, social, and spiritual selves.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A theory suggesting that basic survival, security, and social needs must be met before people can achieve esteem and self-actualization.

Learned Helplessness

A pattern of behavior in which a person fails repeatedly at a task and eventually gives up and quits trying.

Major Depression

A severe chronic mood disorder characterized by sleep disturbance, exhaustion, and loss of interest in pleasurable activities, affecting approximately $7$ percent of the US population.

Schizophrenia

A mental illness characterized by an inability to sort incoming stimuli, causing radical changes in emotions, movements, and behaviors, often accompanied by hallucinations.

Stress

The mental and physical response and adaptation by our bodies to real or perceived change in life.

Eustress

A positive stress that presents opportunities for personal growth.

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

The body’s attempt to restore homeostasis ($ext{balance}$) following a stressful event, occurring in three phases: Alarm, Resistance, and Exhaustion.

Circadian Rhythm

The internal clock that governs the $24$-hour sleep cycle and other everyday activities.

Somnolence

A state of being very tired where one cannot function properly, often resulting in sleep deprivation.

Primary Aggression

A goal-directed, hostile self-assertion that is destructive in nature.

Neglect

A failure to provide for a child's basic needs such as shelter, $H_2O$, food, comfort, and love.

Sexual Identity

Recognizing a person as a sexual being, determined by complex interactions of biological and social factors.

Epididymis

The duct system in the male reproductive system where immature sperm cells are stored and mature.

Endometrium

The inner lining of the uterus that either prepares for pregnancy or sheds to become menstrual flow.

Menarche

A girl’s first period or the start of the menstrual cycle, occurring between ages $9$ and $11$.

Contraception

Methods of preventing conception by interfering with the viability of eggs or sperm or their access to one another.

Teratogens

Substances or factors that can cause birth defects, such as drugs, chemicals ($X ext{-rays}$), or diseases.

Placenta

A network of blood vessels developed in the second trimester that transports oxygen and nutrients to the fetus and carries away waste.

Synergism

A drug interaction where the effects of multiple substances are multiplied beyond the sum of their individual effects.

Antagonism

A drug interaction where substances work at the same receptor site and one drug blocks the effects of another.

Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC)

The ratio of alcohol to total blood volume, used to measure the physiological and behavioral effects of alcohol.

Nicotine

A highly addictive chemical stimulant and the major psychoactive substance found in tobacco products.

High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

Lipoproteins that transport circulating cholesterol to the liver to be metabolized; often referred to as good cholesterol.

Body Mass Index (BMI)

A number calculated from weight and height to assess health risks, defined as $ext{BMI} = \frac{ ext{weight (kg)}}{ ext{height (m)}^2}$; a healthy range is $18.5$ to $24.9$.

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

The rate at which the body uses energy to sustain basic life functions when at complete rest.

Cardiorespiratory Fitness

The ability of the heart, lungs, and blood vessels to supply oxygen to skeletal muscles during sustained physical activity.

FITT Principle

An acronym for Frequency, Intensity, Time, and Type, defining the essential components of a fitness program.

Hypertension

Sustained high blood pressure, often called the silent killer, where healthy readings are generally $120/80 ext{ mmHg}$.

Atherosclerosis

A disease of the arteries characterized by the deposition of plaques of fatty material on their inner walls.

Metastasis

The process by which cancer spreads and transports mutant cells throughout the body via the blood or lymphatic system.

Type 1 Diabetes

An autoimmune condition where the pancreas produces no insulin because insulin-producing cells are destroyed by the immune system.

Pathogens

Disease-causing agents found in the air, food, and on nearly every object or person.

Antigens

Anything that triggers an immune response, such as a virus, bacteria, fungus, or toxin.

Antibodies

Immune system proteins individually matched to specific antigens to destroy them.

Allopathic Medicine

Traditional Western medical practice based on scientific methods and procedures.

Medicare

A federal health insurance program covering $90$ percent of people over $65$, as well as those who are disabled or have end-stage kidney failure.