Week 9: Human Reasoning

Reason

It is the capacity to consciously make sense of things, establish and verify facts, apply logic, and change or justify practices, institutions, and belieafs based on new or existing information

Reason

In short, this is the ability of man to decide, which is also the same way how morality is.

Human Reasoning

It is our sense of obligation to do what is right even if we do not want to do it.

Reason

It is a feature characteristic of men; without it, they are not classified as such. The ______ is a tool for man to cognizance as well as our guide to correlate to the absolute truth (God).

It must be noted though, that it is _____ just as long as man can act on them.

Supernatural truth

It is beyond human reason.

• Stimuli such as human sensation, perception, and observation that the five senses can percieve are part of man being part of the animal kingdom.

• Still, the power of transforming sensous stimuli into experience is inherent in man’s intellect, denied brutes, with it, He alone can arrange the experience that will later guide him in his decisions.

Immanuel Kant

He explained that morality is the usage of our freedom of choice but is based on what we want; this is purely based on the necessities men need to fulfill, such as the freedom to do whatever we want.

Thinking

In any human endeavor, action is secondary to ______. This is a deliberate act of anticipating future events that might come by reflecting on past actions or occurences.

Inseperable

Thinking and Acting are ______

Causal Relations

Every action rests upon the foundation of an idea related to ________. This developed theories that guide human action.

• Action without basis is absurd

• but acting without thinking is ludicrous

valid

The reason for his action may be erroneous, and his understanding of the situation is muddled. However, when thinking and theorizing are still present, his actions might still be ‘‘_____’’ or at least acceptable.

Thinking

It is an individual process; society does not think for man even if his customs, traditions, or laws are dictated by the society to which an individual belongs.

Impossible

There is joint action but no joint thinking, meaning people can be moved into collective action, but collective thinking is _____.

no common sense

People often subscribe to common sense, but the trouble with common sense is that it is not common. People can never think the same. Hence there is _______.

Deductive Reasonong

It is the form of reasoning in which a conclusion follows logically and coherently from the factual premises and proposition.

• Arguements are based upon the concept of logical reasoning.

• In doing so, the premise which the conclusion hinges on its validity is that if they are true, then the resulting statements are true and valid.

• This is plain logic

Inductive Reasoning

It refers to reasoning that takes specific information and makes a broader generalization that is considered probable, allowing for the fact that the conclusion may not be accurate.

• This type of logic also uses experiences to come up with conclusions based on general observations coming from the occurence that might give similar results.

Deductive Reasoning

This type of reasoning begins with a premise, while inductive reasoning begins with a conclusion.

• Example: The pope is the representative of God. God is never wrong; therefore, the Pope is never wrong.

Inductive Reasoning

Deductive reasoning begins with a premise, while this type of reasoning begins with a conclusion.

• Example: Mark shows a golden ring to his friend Paul. Mark said he would marry Martha. Therefore, Paul thinks Martha will recieve the ring.

Abductive Reasoning

It is a method of reasoning in which one chooses the hypothesis that would if true, best explain the relevant evidence.

Abductive Reasoning

It is a type of reasoning that gets its conclusion in an abductive arguement of what is possibly true.

• This type of logic is also considered an inference to the best explanation.

• Choosing the most likely or best hypothesis or explanation based upon the most relevant evidence.

• Example: you wake up in the morning, and you see that your roommate has left, but you see half-eaten food in the kitchen, then you abduce that he left early.

Reductive Reasoning

It is providing a statement true by reducing to the opposite of it and showing the absurdity of the opposite result.

• Example: People do not attend college because they don’t need need it. A statement is true based on reducing or showing the absurdity of the opposite result.

Reductive Reasoning

It is also called Reductio ad absurdum (reduction to absurdity)

Fallicious Reasoning

It is not real reasoning; It is the faulty premises for critical thinking and logic, Example: God is love, love is blind, ergo, God is blind.

1. State the problem

2. Check the facts

3. Identify the relevant and irrelevant factors

4. Develop the list of options

5. Prepare test questions

6. Choose the best answer

7. If need be, review steps 1-6

The seven steps to moral, ethical decisions

State the problem

What is the dilemma one is facing

Check the facts

Find out if the problem can easily be solved by mere speculations alone or if there is still a need for a deeper resolution

Identify the relevant and irrelevant factors.

Some things are contributory to answering the question, but we have to separate from those that might help or not.

Develop the list of options

By options, we mean sources beyond what we are aware of, which may be a list of sources, persons, or books that might help answer the dilemma.

Prepare test questions

That might give us possible solutions