Prokaryotic cell

Bacteria are

prokaryotes

Bacteria have DNA but the DNA is

NOT enclosed by a membrane

Bacteria do NOT have

membrane bound organelles

Most bacteria cell walls are made up of

Peptidoglycan

Bacterial cells divide by

binary fission

Cocci

Bacteria made up of circular cells

Diplococci

cocci growing in pairs

Streptococci

bacteria that form a chain (circular cells)

Staphylococci

Circular cells that are stuck together in clusters

Bacillus

Rod shape bacteria

Single Bacilli

single rods

Diplobacilli

pairs of bacilli

Streptobacilli

chains of bacilli (ROD SHAPE CELLS)

Coccobacillus

cells that are in between the shape of cocci and bacillus

Vibrio

curved rod

Spirillum

A spiral-shaped bacterium (loose spiral)

Spirochete

cells with a tight spiral

nucleid

Organelle in a prokaryotic cell.

Contains DNA replication of bacterial cells.

Glycocalyx

Known as the Bacterial capsule. It is a gelatinous substance usually found outside the cell around the cell wall

Functions of the Capsule include

Making the Bacteria more pathogenic by escaping phagocytes like WBC and Attachment to the surfaces

Flagella

Long filamentous structures that are found in bacterial cells

Flagella helps the bacterial cell moved by

Exhibiting Positive and Negative chemotaxis

arrangements of the flagella include

Monotrichous, Lophotrichous, Peritrichous and Amphitrichous

Monotrichous

single flagellum at one end

Lophotrichous

cluster of flagella at one ends

Peritrichous

flagella dispersed over surface of cell

Amphitrichous

flagella at both ends of cell

Axial Filament

Filamentous structure that wrap around the cell body. ALL SPIROCHETES have these filamentous structures

Fimbrae

Filamentous structures found in some GRAM-NEGATIVE Bacteria and they are shorter and thinner than flagella

Fimbriae can make the bacteria because

Of the attachment on the Mucous Membrane. Once a bacteria attached itself to the mucous membrane it colonizes it.

Pillus

a hairlike extension that aids in communication and exchange of genetic material in prokaryotes. Usually their 1 or 2 pilli on bacteria

Pilli are used for

conjugation and cell surface adhesion

Conjugation refers to

The movement of DNA from one cell to another cell through a pilus

Cell wall

Found in most bacteria. This protects the internal structures of the cell and plasma membrane

Bacteria cell wall is made up of

peptidoglycan

Peptidoglycan is made up

repeating units of disaccharides which are N-acetylmuramic acid and N-Acetylglucosamine

Gram positive cell wall

Thick peptidoglycan
Teichoic acids. Not resistant to Penicillin

Gram negative cell wall

Thin peptidoglycan
Outer membrane
Periplasmic space
Does have Teichoic Acid

Lipid A is known as

endotoxin and causes Septic shock if in the blood stream

Mycoplasma

Species of bacteria that does not have a cell wall.

What inhibits the formation of peptidoglycan?

penicillin

Passive process

substances cross the membrane without any energy input from the cell

Active Process

the cell provides energy (ATP) to power the transport process

Passive process include

Simple diffusion, Facilitated diffusion ad Osmosis

Simple diffusion

movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

facilitated diffusion

the transport of substances through a cell membrane along a concentration gradient with the aid of carrier proteins

Osmosis

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

hypotonic solution

solute concentration is lower outside than inside the cell; water moves into cell. Causes Osmotic Lysis

Hypertonic Solution

Solute concentration is greater than that inside the cell; cell loses water. Causes Plasmolysis

group translocation (active transport)

only seen in bacteria

Substance is altered in the cell so that it is now impermeable to the cell membrane and cannot get out

Prokaryotic Cytoplasm

Does not contain organelles, It contains carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, ribosomes, DNA and inclusions

Bacteria only has

1 chromosome, it is long, circular and double stranded

Bacterial chromosomes resides in

The nuclide

Plasmids

A small ring of DNA that carries accessory genes separate from those of the bacterial chromosome

Ribosomes

site of protein synthesis

The bacterial cells have

70s ribosomes rather than 80s ribosomes

Inclusions refers to

Storage structures

Metachromatic Granules

phosphate storage. Bacteria known as Corynebacterium diphtheriae has a lot of these granules

polysaccharide granules

consist of glycogen and starch

Lipid Granules

Made up of hydroxybutyric acid. In the cytoplasm of Mycobacterium and Bacillus

sulfur granules

energy reserves. In Thiobacillus

Carboxysomes

Ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase for CO2 fixation. Responsible for Photosynthesis

Endospores

bacterial spore that can survive harsh conditions