Cell Respiration and Fermention

Fermentation

partial degradation of sugars or other organic fuel that occurs without the use of oxygen

Aerobic

Greek for air; oxygen

Fermentation

partial degradation of sugars or other organic fuel that occurs without the use of oxygen

Aerobic

Greek for air; oxygen

Anaerobic

means without oxygen

Aerobic respiration

oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel

Anaerobic repiration

using substance other than oxygen as reactants in a similar process that harvests chemical energy without oxygen

Cellular respiration

includes both aerobic and anaerobic processes which break down organic molecules and use an electron transport chain for the production of ATP

Redox reactions

electron transfers also called oxidation and reduction reactions

Oxidation

loss of electrons from one substance to another

Reduction

addition of electrons to another substance

Reducing agent

the electron donor in a redox reaction

Oxidizing agent

the electron acceptor in a redox reaction

NAD+

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme that cycles easily between oxidized and reduced states (electron carrier)

Electron transport chain(ETC)

sequence of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP (helps breakdown the energy released)

Glycolysis

begins degradtion by breaking glucose into two molecules of a compound called pyruvate (sugar splitting)

Citric acid cycle

chemical cycle involving 8 steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing acetyl CoA to carbon dioxide

electron carriers

move electrons where they want them too

Oxidative phosphoylation

production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain

Substrate-level phosphoylation

enzyme catalyzed formation of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism

Acetyl CoA

acetyl coenzyme A

FAD

Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide

ATP synthase

enzyme that makes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate

Chemiosmosis

process in which energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane is used to drive cellular work as the synthesis of ATP

Proton-motive force

potential energy stored in the form of a proton electrochemical gradient, generated by pumping of hydrogen ions across a biological membrane during chemiosmosis

Alcohol fermentation

pyruvate is converted to ethanol alcohol, regenerating NAD+ and releasing carbon dioxide

Lactic acid fermentation

pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate as an end product with no release of carbon dioxide

Obligate anaerobe

carry out only fermentation or anaerobic respiration; no oxygen

Obligate aerobe

requires oxygen for cellular respiration; cannot live without it

Facultative anaerobe

makes ATP by aerobic respiration if H2O is present but that switches to anaerobic respiration or fermentation if H2O is not present

Does an electron gain or lose potential energy when it shifts from a less electronegative atom toward a more electronegative one?

loses its potential energy

Is NAD+ oxidized or reduced to become NADH?

It is reduced

Where does glycolysis happen in the cell?

the cytoplasm

How many ATP are used in glycolysis to breakdown 1 molecule of glucose

Two

How many ATP are made in glycolysis from breaking down 1 molecule of glucose?

Four

Are any waste molecules produced during glycolysis?

No, there are no wastes being produced

What is the carbon molecule that leaves glycolysis called? how many are produced how many are produced from 1 molecule of glucose?

pyruvate and two molecules are produced

Where does pyruvate oxidation happen in the cell?

the mitochondrial matrix

Does pyruvate oxidation produce any waste molecules? and how many per 1 molecule of glucose?

Yes, produces 2 waste molecules

What is the carbon molecule product of pyruvate oxidation that moves on in respiration?

Acetyl CoA

Does pyruvate oxidation produce any NADH, and how many per 1 glucose?

Yes, it produces 2 NADH

Where does the citric acid cycle happen in the cell?

mitochondrial matrix

Does the citric acid cycle produce any NADH and FADH2, and how many of each per 1 glucose?

Yes, produces 6 NADH and 2 FADH2

Does citric acid cycle produce any ATP, and how many per 1 glucose?

Yes, produces 2 per 1 glucose

What powers ATP synthase?

The power source for the ATP synthase is a difference in the concentration of H+ on opposite sides of the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Where does oxidative phosphorylation happen in the cell?

inner mitochondria membrane

How many ATP can be produced at most from 1 molecule of glucose?

maximum about 3 ATP

Explain one reason why we can't say exactly how many ATP are produced from 1 molecule of glucose?

Phosphorylation and the redox reactions are not directly coupled to each other, so the ratio of the number of NADH molecules to the number of ATP molecules is not a whole number

What is the final acceptor is in lactic acid fermentation?

Lactate

What is the final acceptor is in ethanol fermentation?

Alcohol (ethanol)

What is the final acceptor is in cellular respiration?

Oxygen

All food molecules can be broken down and used for cellular respiration, but enter in different places.

True

What are essential amino acids and why do we need to consume them in our diet?

an amino acid that is required by animals but that they cannot synthesize and we need to ingest them for growth and nutrition

Are humans more or less efficient than cars at extracting energy from our fuel?

Humans are more efficient than cars at extracting energy from our fuel