Anatomy Unit 1 Test

What is anatomy?

The study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another. Example: the heart has four chambers.

What is physiology?

The study of the function of body parts and how they work. Example: the heart pumps blood through the body.

Give an example showing the difference between anatomy and physiology.

Anatomy = the lungs are made of alveoli. Physiology = alveoli allow gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

What is the correct order of levels of organization from smallest to largest?

Atom → Molecule → Organelle → Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism

Which level is considered the basic unit of life?

The cell

What are the 11 body systems?

Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic/Immune, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive.

Function of the integumentary system?

Protection, body temperature regulation, prevents dehydration (skin, hair, nails).

Function of the skeletal system?

Support, movement, protection, blood cell production (bones, joints).

Function of the muscular system?

Produces movement, maintains posture, generates heat.

Function of the nervous system?

Control system, responds to stimuli, coordinates activities (brain, spinal cord, nerves).

Function of the endocrine system?

Regulates growth, metabolism, and reproduction through hormones (glands).

Function of the cardiovascular system?

Transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste (heart, blood vessels).

Function of the lymphatic/immune system?

Defends against infection, returns fluids to the blood (lymph nodes, spleen).

Function of the respiratory system?

Gas exchange – oxygen in, carbon dioxide out (lungs, trachea).

Function of the digestive system?

Breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, eliminates waste (stomach, intestines, liver).

Function of the urinary system?

Eliminates nitrogenous waste, regulates water and electrolytes (kidneys, bladder).

Function of the reproductive system?

Produces gametes (sperm/egg), hormones, and allows reproduction (testes, ovaries).

What are the 8 necessary life functions?

Maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth.

What are the 5 survival needs?

Nutrients, oxygen, water, stable body temperature, appropriate atmospheric pressure.

What does anterior/posterior mean?

Anterior = front; Posterior = back.

What does proximal/distal mean?

Proximal = closer to point of attachment; Distal = farther from point of attachment. (only in the arms and legs no where else)

What are axial vs appendicular regions?

Axial = head, neck, trunk; Appendicular = limbs.

What does the sagittal plane divide?

Left and right parts.

What does the frontal (coronal) plane divide?

Front and back parts.

What does the transverse plane divide?

Top and bottom parts.

Major body cavities?

Cranial, vertebral, thoracic, abdominopelvic.

What is the difference between visceral and parietal membranes?

Visceral = covers organs; Parietal = lines the cavity wall.

Function of nucleus?

Control center, holds DNA.

Function of mitochondria?

Produces ATP (energy).

Function of ribosomes?

Protein synthesis.

Function of rough ER?

Transports proteins, has ribosomes.

Function of smooth ER?

Produces lipids, detoxifies.

Function of Golgi apparatus?

Packages and ships proteins.

Function of lysosomes?

Breaks down waste and cellular debris.

Function of cytoskeleton?

Provides shape and support.

What is the principle of complementarity?

Structure determines function.

Give an example of complementarity at the cellular level.

Thin alveoli walls in lungs allow efficient gas exchange.

Purpose of mitosis?

Produces identical cells for growth and repair.

Purpose of meiosis?

Produces gametes (sperm and egg) with half the chromosomes.

Four macromolecules of the body?

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.

Function of carbohydrates?

Quick energy.

Function of lipids?

Long-term energy, insulation, cell membranes.

Function of proteins?

Enzymes, structure, movement.

Function of nucleic acids?

Store and transmit genetic information (DNA, RNA).

What happens in transcription?

DNA → mRNA in the nucleus.

What happens in translation?

mRNA → protein at the ribosome.

Structure of the cell membrane?

: Phospholipid bilayer with proteins and cholesterol.

What is passive transport?

Movement across membrane without energy (diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion).

What is active transport?

Movement across membrane with energy (endocytosis, exocytosis, pumps).

Difference between simple and facilitated diffusion?

Simple = moves directly through membrane; Facilitated = requires transport protein.

What is osmosis?

Diffusion of water across a membrane.

What is endocytosis vs exocytosis?

Endocytosis = materials move into cell; Exocytosis = materials move out of cell.