Chapter 3 BIOL 2460

ancient belief

life came from nonliving matter

francesco redi

proved flies spawned from meat (false) came from other flies

john needham

thought life originated from “life force”

lazzaro spallanzani

repeated redi & needham experiment however boiled longer

louis pasteur

created swan neck flask to not allow microorganisms to go through

2 basic tenets

cell basic unit of structure

cells come from existing cells

cell tenet theory 1

robert hooke (cork tissue)

matthias schleiden (plant tissue)

theodor schwann (compared plant & animal cells)

cell tenet theory 2

rober remak (cells come from other cells)

rudolf virchow (cellular pathology)

konstantin mereschokowski

chloroplasts can live outside of plant cells

Ivan Wallin

proved that mitochondria can live outside of cell (false)

Lynn Margulis

mitochondria & chloroplasts origin of prokaryotic

used DNA, ribosomes, binary fission

Girolamo Fracastoro

“spores” transferred between individuals

Ignaz Semmelweis

physicians are contaminated & transferred disease to patients

promoted hand washing

john snow

traced cholera from london sewage & drinking water tied together

Louis Pasteur

if food can spoil so can people

Joseph Lister

handwashing & carbolic acid for disinfection

Robert Koch

certain microbes cause certain disease

common in generic cells

cytoplasm

plasma membrane

chromosomes

ribosomes

prokaryotes

no nucleus

bacteria & archaea

eukaryotes

eukarya

prokaryotic cell

nucleoid

inclusions

plasmids

pili

fimbriae

endospore

hypertonic solution

water moves out of cell

hypotonic solution

water moves into cell

isotonic solution

no movement from water

crenation

hypertonic solution without cell wall

plasmolysis

hypertonic with cell wall

nucleoid (prokaryotes)

central region for DNA and DNA proteins

chromosomes (circular & haploid)

plasmids (circular)

ribosomes (prokaryotes)

protein synthesis

prokaryotic 70S size (50S + 30S)

Polyhydroxybutrate (PHB)

stores protein

inclusion for monolayer

Volutin granules (inclusions)

polymerized phosphates for biofilm

Magnetosomes

magnetic iron oxide & iron sulfide allow magnetic field

Gas Vacuole

protein-lined gas to alter buoyancy

Carboxysome

RuBisCO & carbonic anhydrase for carbon metabolism

endospores

protect genome

resilient state to bacteria for sterilization process

germination occur with endospore

B. anthracis

agent of anthrax

C. difficile

causes pseudomembranous colitis

C. perfringens

causes gas gangrene

C. botulinum

causes botulism

C. tetani

causes tetanus

cell plasma membrane

in all organisms

ability to move molecules in & out

bilayer of phospholipids with ester & embedded with protein & carbohydrates

archaea membrane

bacteria nonbranched ester bilayer

archaea monolayer branched

passive transport

diffusion of molecules

facilitated diffusion

carry proteins w/o ATP

active transport

proteins move molecules w/ ATP

group translocation

modified molecule enter cell against concentration gradient

gram positive

peptidoglycan thick layer than gram negative

gram negative

outer membrane has lipopolysaccharide (LPS)(LPS)

has O-antigen

contribute to fever, shock & hemorrhaging

archaea cell wall

pseudopeptidoglycan

similar to bacteria

Glycocalyx

layer protects desiccation & antibiotics & disinfectants

capsule - polysaccharides or proteins

slime layer - polysaccharides, glycoproteins, or glycolipids

s layer

composed of structural proteins & found outside cell wall

help with rigidness & osmotic pressure changes

fimbriae

short bristly protein aid attachment

pili appendages

longer aid in attachment or transfer DNA

monotrichous

1 flagella

ampitrichous

2 flagella

lophotrichous

single toughed flagella

peritrichous

all around flagella

eukaryotic cell

composition:

nucleus

mitochondria

endoplasmic reticulum

golgi apparatus

lyosomes

peroxisome

cytoskeleton

cilia

chloroplasts

nucleus

DNA material surround membrane

chromosomes linear

nucleolus

dense region of nucleus for RNA

ribosomes (eukaryotes)

80S (40S small + 60S large)

chloroplasts & mitochondria have

endomembrane system

move material in cell

endoplasmic reticulum

synthesis of different molecules

golgi apparatus

modify lipids & protein arrive from endoplasmic reticulum

lysosomes

break down food, damaged organelles or cell debris

peroxisomes (not with endomembrane system)

helps lipid synthesis & degradation molecules

cytoskeleton

provides cell structure & network transport

microfilaments

actin fibers have contraction-like movement

Pseudopodia

temp extension of membrane

intermediate filaments

thin monomers thinner than microtubules than actin

microtubules

dimers form hollow tubes to move vesicles around cell

support cytoskeleton, flagella & cilia, cell division

phagocytosis

cell eating

pinocytosis

cell drinking (smaller particles)

receptor-mediated endocytosis

filters particles

Extracellular Matrix (no cell wall)

Proteoglycans (protein/sugar) & fibrous protein help maintain cell shape

flagella (eukaryotes)

made of microtubules 9+2

different composition from prokaryotes similar function