Anatomy & P Ch 1

scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structure

Anatomy

Scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things

physiology

Structures examined without a microscope

gross/macrascopic anatomy

Types of structures examined without a microscope

-Regional

-systemic

-surface

Studied area by area

regional

Studied system by system

systemic

external form and relation to deeper structures as x-ray in anatomic imaging

surface

structures seen with a microscope are called

microscopic

study of cellular anatomy

cytology

study of tissues is called

histology

What does physiology do

reveals dynamic nature of living things

what examines processes in cells

cell physiology

what focuses on the nervous system

neurophysiology

the heart and blood is a part of what system

cardiovascular

structural and functional changes caused by disease

pathology

changes in structure and function caused by excercise

excercise physiology

structural organization order

chemical

organelle

cell level

tissue level

organ

organ system

organism

the interaction of atoms is called

chemical level

organized or specialized structures within a living cell

organelle

group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them

tissue

one or more tissues functioning together

organ

group of organs functioning together

organ system

any living thing is called

organism

there is anatomical variation in humans meaning

no humans are exactly alike

Organ Systems of the Body

Integumentary, Skeletal, muscular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, urinary, female, and male reproductive

protection, temperature regulation, prevents water loss, helps produce Vitamin D

what is the integumentary system?

Provides protection and support, allows body movement, produces blood cells, and stores mineral and fat.

skeletal system

provides movement, maintains posture, produces body heat.

muscular

removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs fats from the digestive tract.

lymphatic

exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH.

Respiratory

performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrient, and elimination of wastes.

digestive

major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions

nervous

influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, etc

endocrine

transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body, plays a vital role in immune response and the regulation of body temperature.

cardiovascular

removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance.

urinary

produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development

female reproductive syst

produces and transfers sperm cells to female etc

male reproductive

Characteristics of life (8)

organization

metabolism

responsiveness

growth

development

differentiation

morphogenesis

reproduction

condition in which there are specific relationships and functions

organization

all chemical reactions of the body

metabolism

ability to sense changes and *adapt

responsiveness

increase in size and/or number of cells

growth

changes in an organism over time

development

change from general to specific

differentiation

change in shape of tissues, organs

morphogenesis

new cells or new organisms

reproduction

cellular level in biomed research includes what

single-celled bacteria

in vitro (in glass) cultures

organismal level in biomed research includes what and how does it benefit

in vivo (within the living)

Mammalian research furthers human surgery and medicine

Mammalian research has what

strict laws that govern research to minimize suffering

Maintenance of life- depends on the availability of the following:

water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure

both quality and quantity are important

Values of variables fluctuate around the set point to establish a normal range of values in organisms

homeostasis

the ideal normal value of a variable is called

set point

Types of feedback systems

Negative and positive

Components of Feedback systems

receptor

control center

effector

monitors the value of some variable

receptor