Anaphy

Bell's Palsy

A condition that causes sudden weakness or paralysis of the muscles on one side of the face.

Cardiomyopathy

A disease of the heart muscle that makes it harder for the heart to pump blood to the rest of the body.

Cardiomyopathy can lead to heart failure.

It causes the heart to lose its ability to pump blood well. In some cases, the heart rhythm also becomes disturbed. This leads to arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats).

Corpus Striatum

• Primary nuclei that is located deep within the cerebrum

• Part of the basal ganglia

• Involved in motor control and reward processing

Coronary Thrombosis

A blood clot in the coronary arteries that can lead to a heart attack.

Substantia Nigra

A group of darkly pigmented cells in the midbrain that produces dopamine and is involved in movement control.

Myocardial Infarction

Medical term for a heart attack, which occurs when blood flow to the heart is blocked.

Nearsightedness

Difficulty seeing distant objects clearly, caused by an elongated eyeball or steep cornea.

Hemophilia

A genetic disorder affecting blood clotting, resulting in prolonged bleeding and easy bruising.

Farsightedness

Difficulty seeing nearby objects clearly, caused by a shorter eyeball or flat cornea.

Malaria

An infectious disease caused by parasites and transmitted through mosquito bites.

Color blindness

Absence or perception of one or more colors, inability to distinguish certain colors, most commonly affects red and green perception.

Stroke

Caused by bleeding in the brain or a clot or spasm blocking cerebral blood vessels, resulting in a local area of cell death; symptoms include loss of speech, numbness, or paralysis.

Nervous system

Basal Nuclei and Controls and coordinates body functions, including movement, sensation, and mental activity.

Endocrine system

• Is a messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands directly into the circulatory system, regulating distant target organs

• Regulates hormone production and release

• Allows cells to communicate with each other

Encephalitis

Inflammation of the brain, often caused by a virus and less often by bacteria or other agents; symptoms include fever, coma, and convulsions.

Meningitis

Inflammation of the meninges (membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord), can be bacterial or viral in nature; symptoms include stiffness in the neck, headache, and fever; severe cases can cause paralysis, coma, or death.

Cranial nerves

Nerves that carry impulses to and from the brain.

• SEN SEN MO MO MI MO MI SEN MI MI MO MO

Endocrine

• Metabolism

• Control of food intake & digestion

• Tissue development

• Ion regulation

• Water balance

• Heart rate and blood pressure regulation

• Control of blood glucose & other nutrients

• Control of reproductive functions

• Uterine contractions& milk release

• Immune system regulation

Nervous System

• Receiving sensory input

• Integrating Information

• Controlling muscles and glands

• Maintaining homeostasis

• Establishing and maintaining mental activity

Cranial Nerves

Olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal.

Chambers of the eye

Anterior chamber, posterior chamber, vitreous chamber.

Meninges

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater.

Sensory receptors

Mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, photoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors.

External ear parts

External auditory canal, auricle.

Parts of the inside of the eye

Retina, pigmented retina, sensory retina, rods, cones.

Middle layer of the eye

Choroid, ciliary body, lens, iris, pupil.

Different Glands

• Pituitary

• Pineal gland

• Thyroid

• Thymus

• Parathyroids posterior part of thyroid)

• Adrenals

• Ovaries (female)

• Pancreas (isiets)

• Testes (male)

• Minengeal layer

Ganglia

Astrocytes, microglia, nodes of Ranvier, ependymal, oligodendrocytes.

Nervous system

Central Nervous System, Peripheral Nervous System.

Central Nervous System Disorders

Myasthenia Gravis, Rabies, Encephalitis, Tetanus.

Parts of the brain

Brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon, cerebrum.

Pathways of the brain

Direct Pathways, Indirect Pathways.

Chambers of the Heart

Right and Left Atria, Right and Left Ventricle, Heart Valve.

Compositions of Blood

Plasma, Hemoglobin, Platelet.

Blood

• Transport of gases, nutrients, and waste products.

• Transport of processed molecules.

• Transport of regulatory molecules.

• Regulation of pH and osmosis.

• Maintenance of body temperature.

• Protection against foreign substances.

• Clot formation.

Cardiovascular System

• Generating Blood Pressure

• Routing Blood

• Ensuring One-way Blood Flow

• Regulating Blood Supply

Special Senses

• Smell

• Taste

• Sight

• Hearing

• Balance

Mechanoreceptors

respond to mechanical stimuli, such as the bending or stretching of receptors.

Chemoreceptors

respond to chemicals, such as odor molecules

Photoreceptors

Light

Thermoreceptors

Temperature Changes

Nociceptors

respond to stimuli that result in the sensation of pain.

oxytocin

Target tissues: Uterus, Mammary gland. Functions: increases uterine contractions during labor, Increase milk let-down reflex

prolactin

Target tissues: mammary glands and ovaries Functions: milk production, helps promote development of the breast during pregnancy.

calcitonin

Target Tissue: Primarily Bone. Function: Decreases rate of bone breakdown; prevents large increase in blood Ca levels following a meal.

growth hormones

• Target tissues: most tissues

  • Functions: stimulates growth of bones, muscles, and organs

Abnormalities:
/ Too much GH causes giantism v Too little GH causes pituitary dwarfism

Endocrine

secreted into bloodstream by certain glands & cell; affect cells distant from source (ex: epinephrine)

Exocrine

providing the body with a method to release secretions containing proteins, mucus, and other products to epithelial surfaces around the body.

Plasma

• Main component of blood

• Contains water, proteins, hormones, and waste products

• Transports nutrients, hormones, and waste products

• Helps maintain blood pressure and pH balance

Hemoglobin

• Protein in red blood cells

• Carries oxygen from lungs to body tissues

• Binds with carbon dioxide to transport it back to lungs

Platelet

• Cell fragment in blood

• Helps in blood clotting

• Releases chemicals to promote clot formation

• Essential for preventing excessive bleeding

Erethroietin

Hormone secreted by the kidneys that increases the rate of production of red blood cells in response to falling levels of oxygen in the tissues.

Pernicious Anemia

a relatively rare autoimmune disorder that causes diminishment in dietary vitamin B12 (cobalamin) absorption, resulting in B12 deficiency and subsequent megaloblastic anemia.

aplastic anemia

a rare but serious blood condition that occurs when your bone marrow cannot make enough new blood cells for your body to work normally.

polycythemia

refers to an increase in the absolute red blood cell (RBC) mass in the body.

lymphocyte

Virus

monocyte

Parasite or Viral Infection

Eusinophil

Parasite or Allergy

Neutrophil

Bacteria

Basophil

Autoimmune Disease