Anaphy

Multiple Choice

Bell’s Palsy

a) cardiomyopathy

  • Cardiomyopathy (kahr-dee-o-my-OP-uh-thee) is a disease of the heart muscle that makes it harder for the heart to pump blood to the rest of the body. Cardiomyopathy can lead to heart failure.

  • It causes the heart to lose its ability to pump blood well. In some cases, the heart rhythm also becomes disturbed. This leads to arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats).

b) corpus striatum:

  • Primary nuclei that is located deep within the cerebrum

  • Part of the basal ganglia

  • Involved in motor control and reward processing

c) coronary thrombosis:

  • Blood clot in the coronary arteries

  • Can lead to heart attack

d) substantia nigra:

  • Group of darkly pigmented cells in the midbrain

  • Produces dopamine

  • Involved in movement control

e) myocardial infarction:

  • Medical term for heart attack

  • Occurs when blood flow to the heart is blocked

f) Nearsightedness:

  • Difficulty seeing distant objects clearly

  • Caused by elongated eyeball or steep cornea

g) Hemophilia:

  • Genetic disorder affecting blood clotting

  • Results in prolonged bleeding and easy bruising

h) Farsightedness:

  • Difficulty seeing nearby objects clearly

  • Caused by shorter eyeball or flat cornea

i) Malaria:

  • Infectious disease caused by parasites

  • Transmitted through mosquito bites

j) Color blindness:

  • Absence or perception of one or more colors

  • Inability to distinguish certain colors

  • Most commonly affects red and green perception

k) Stroke:

  • Caused by bleeding in the brain or a clot or spasm blocking cerebral blood vessels that results in a local area of cell death; symptoms include loss of speech, numbness, or paralysis

  • Interruption of blood flow to the brain

  • Can cause brain damage or death

l) Nervous system:

  • Controls and coordinates body functions

  • Basal Nuclei

m) Endocrine system:

  • Is a messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands directly into the circulatory system, regulating distant target organs

  • Regulates hormone production and release

  • Allows cells to communicate with each other

n) Encephalitis:

  • Inflammation of the brain

  • Often caused by virus and less often by bacteria or other agents;symptoms include fever, coma and convulsions

o) Meningitis:

  • Inflammation of the meninges (membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord)

  • Can be bacterial infection or viral in nature; symptoms include stiffness in the neck, head ache, and fever; severe cases can cause paralysis, coma or death

Functions of:

Cranial nerves

  • carry impulses to and from the brain

  • SEN SEN MO MO MI MO MI SEN MI MI MO MO

Endocrine

  • Metabolism

  • Control of food intake & digestion

  • Tissue development

  • Ion regulation

  • Water balance

  • Heart rate and blood pressure regulation

  • Control of blood glucose & other nutrients

  • Control of reproductive functions

  • Uterine contractions& milk release

  • Immune system regulation

Blood

  • Transport of gases, nutrients, and waste products.

  • Transport of processed molecules.

  • Transport of regulatory molecules.

  • Regulation of pH and osmosis.

  • Maintenance of body temperature.

  • Protection against foreign substances.

  • Clot formation.

Nervous system

  • Receiving sensory input

  • Integrating Information

  • Controlling muscles and glands

  • Maintaining homeostasis

  • Establishing and maintaining mental activity

Cardiovascular System

  • Generating Blood Pressure

  • Routing Blood

  • Ensuring One-way Blood Flow

  • Regulating Blood Supply

Functions of Special Senses

  • Smell

  • Taste

  • Sight

  • Hearing

  • Balance

Structure of:

Cranial Nerves

  • olfactory

  • optic

  • oculomotor

  • trochlear

  • trigeminal

  • abducens

  • facial

  • vestibulocochlear

  • glossopharyngeal

  • vagus

  • accessory

  • hypoglossal

Chambers of eye

  • Anterior Chamber

  • Posterior Chamber

  • Vitreous Chamber

Meninges

  • Dura Mater

  • Arachnoid mater

  • Pia Mater

Sensory receptors

1. Mechanoreceptors- respond to mechanical stimuli, such as the bending or stretching of receptors.

2. Chemoreceptors - respond to chemicals, such as odor molecules.

3. Photoreceptors - respond to light.

4. Thermoreceptors - respond to temperature changes.

5. Nociceptors - respond to stimuli that result in the sensation of pain.

External ear parts:

  • External Auditory Canal

  • Auricle

Parts of inside of the eye

  • Retina

  • Pigmented Retina

  • Sensory Retina Inner

  • Rods

  • Cones

  • Interneurons

Middle layer of eye:

  • Choroid

  • Ciliary Body

  • Lens

  • Iris

  • Pupil

Different glands

  • Pituitary

  • Pineal gland

  • Thyroid

  • Thymus

  • Parathyroids posterior part of thyroid)

  • Adrenals

  • Ovaries (female)

  • Pancreas (isiets)

  • Testes (male)

  • Minengeal layer

Gaglia:

  • Astrocytes

  • Microglia

  • Nodes of Ranvier

  • Ependymal

  • Oligodendrocytes

Type of Nervous system

  • Central Nervous System

  • Peripheral Nervous System

Central Nervous System Disorders

  • Myasthenia Gravis

  • RABIES

  • Encephalitis

  • Tetanus

Parts of the brain

  • Brainstem

  • Cerebellum

  • Diencephalon

  • Cerebrum

Pathways of the brain

  • Direct Pathways

  • Indirect Pathways

Chambers of the Heart

  • Right and Left Atria

  • Right and Left Ventricle

  • Heart Valve

Circulation of blood parts

All glands functions

  • Pituitary: Controls hormone production in the body

  • Pineal gland: Regulates sleep-wake cycle and produces melatonin

  • Thyroid: Regulates metabolism and produces thyroid hormones

  • Thymus: Plays a role in immune system development

  • Parathyroids: Regulate calcium levels in the body

  • Adrenals: Produce hormones involved in stress response

  • Ovaries (female): Produce estrogen and progesterone

  • Pancreas: Regulates blood sugar levels through insulin production

  • Testes (male): Produce testosterone

  • Meningeal layer: Protective layer surrounding the brain and spinal cord

Hormones- A chemical messenger that is secreted into the blood, travels to a distant target tissue, & binds to specific receptors to produce a coordinated set of events in that target tissue.

  • oxytocin - Target tissues: Uterus, Mammary gland. Functions: increases uterine contractions during labor, Increase milk let-down reflex

  • prolactin- Target tissues: mammary glands and ovaries Functions: milk production, helps promote development of the breast during pregnancy.

  • calcitonin- Target Tissue: Primarily Bone. Function: Decreases rate of bone breakdown; prevents large increase in blood Ca levels following a meal.

  • growth hormones-Target tissues: most tissues

    • Functions: stimulates growth of bones, muscles, and organs

    • Abnormalities:
      / Too much GH causes giantism v Too little GH causes pituitary dwarfism

Endocrine Exocrine functions

  • Endocrine- secreted into bloodstream by certain glands & cell; affect cells distant from source (ex: epinephrine)

  • Exocrine-providing the body with a method to release secretions containing proteins, mucus, and other products to epithelial surfaces around the body.

Compositions of Blood

  • Plasma:

    • Main component of blood

    • Contains water, proteins, hormones, and waste products

    • Transports nutrients, hormones, and waste products

    • Helps maintain blood pressure and pH balance

    Hemoglobin:

    • Protein in red blood cells

    • Carries oxygen from lungs to body tissues

    • Binds with carbon dioxide to transport it back to lungs

    Platelet:

    • Cell fragment in blood

    • Helps in blood clotting

    • Releases chemicals to promote clot formation

    • Essential for preventing excessive bleeding

Erethropoietin-Hormone secreted by the kidneys that increases the rate of production of red blood cells in response to falling levels of oxygen in the tissues.

Pernicious animia-a relatively rare autoimmune disorder that causes diminishment in dietary vitamin B12 (cobalamin) absorption, resulting in B12 deficiency and subsequent megaloblastic anemia.

Aplastic anemia-a rare but serious blood condition that occurs when your bone marrow cannot make enough new blood cells for your body to work normally.

Polycythemia-or erythrocytosis, refers to an increase in the absolute red blood cell (RBC) mass in the body.

Lymphocyte- Virus

Monocyte- Parasite or Viral Infection

Eusinophil-Parasite or Allergy

Neutrophil-Bacteria

Basophil-Autoimmune Disease

Process of blood production

Blood from lungs to heart pumps